• 식물조직배양학회지
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.125-131
• /
• 2000

원형질체는 현탁배양된 세포괴로부터 1% cellulase R-10, 0.25% pectolyase Y-23, 그리고 0.5% driselase가 포함된 CPD 효소용액에서 4시간의 진탕 (40 rpm)조건에서 쉽게 분리되었다. 분리된 원형질체는 1 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/L kinetin , 200 rng/L spermidine 그리고 68 g/L glucose가 포함된 KM 액체배지에서 배양되었으며, 또한 현탁배양중인 동종의 feeder cell이 있는 CP배지 위에 액체배양배지를 1 mL균일하게 퍼트린 후,$25^{\circ}C$, 암조건으로 4주간 양육배양하였다. 원형질체 유래 SF 캘러스는 0.05 mg/L IAA, 7 mg/L 2lip와 30mg/L sucrose가 첨가된 MS 재분화 배지에서 광조건으로 4주동안 배양되었을 때, 60% 이상의 shoot를 형성하였다. 이후, 식물의생장조절물질이 첨가되지 않은 MS 배지로 옮겨 뿌리를 유도하였으며, 재분화된 식물체는 토양으로 옮겨 배양 8주후에 종자를 형성하였다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.112-117
• /
• 2015

The analytical method for ethyl carbamate (EC) in maesil (Prunus mume) extract was developed with deuterium-labeled ethyl carbamate as an internal standard. Samples were neutralized with an addition of 1 N sodium hydroxide solution, followed by a solid phase extraction with a Chem Elut cartridge. A standard curve exhibited a good linearity with correlation coefficient of 0.9991. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 2.91 ng/g and 8.83 ng/g, respectively. The recovery rate of EC ranged from 91.40% to 120.90%. The precision never exceeded 12.57% (intra-day) and 11.03% (inter-day). Samples were comprised of 24 home-made and 7 commercially-available maesil extracts. Eight home-made samples contained EC at levels between 3.39 and 75.76 ng/g. Three commercially-available samples had EC at levels between 11.67 and 20.16 ng/g. Average daily intakes of EC from maesil extracts for consumers were 0.23 g/kg of body weight. Based on a benchmark dose confidence limit ($BMDL_{10}$) of 0.25 mg/kg of body weight/day, the margin of exposure (MOE) of EC in maesil extract for consumers was 94,150, which is not of concern. Considering that a daily intake of maesil extract has been increasing, further studies on the formation of EC in maesil extract is needed.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.26-31
• /
• 2002

Considering the fuel consumption of car, a light structure of aluminum alloys is desired fer car body nowadays. However, fusion welding of aluminum alloys has some problems of reduction of joint efficiency, porosity formation and hot cracking. In the present work, investigation to improve the joint performance of laser welded joint has been carried out by addition of Cu, Ni, and Zr to A6NO 1 alloy welds. Aluminum alloy plate of 2.Omm in thickness with filler metal bar was welded by twin beam Nd: YAG laser facility (total power: 5kW). The filler metals were prepared by changing the chemical compositions for adding the elements into the weld metal. Thirteen filler metal bars were prepared and pre-placed into the base metal before welding. Ar gas shielding with a flow rate of 10 1/min was used. The defocusing distance is kept at 0 mm. At travel speeds off 3 to 9 and at laser power of 5kW (front beam 2kW rear beam 3kW), full penetration welds were obtained, whereas at travel speeds of 12 to 18 m/min and same power, partial penetration was observed. The joint efficiency of laser-welded joint was improved by the addition of Cu, Ni, and Zr due to the solid solution hardening, grain refining and precipitation hardening. The type of hardening has been further considered by metallurgical examination.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.459-469
• /
• 2016

Gas hydrate desalination process is based on a liquid to solid (Gas Hydrate, GH) phase change followed by a physical process to separate the GH from the remaining salty water. The GH based desalination process show 60.5-90% of salt rejection, post treatment like reverse osmosis (RO) process is needed to finally meet the product water quality. In this study, the energy consumption of the GH and RO hybrid system was investigated. The energy consumption of the GH process is based on the cooling and heating of seawater and the heat of GH formation reaction while RO energy consumption is calculated using the product of pressure and flow rate of high pressure pumps used in the process. The relation between minimum energy consumption of RO process and RO recovery depending on GH salt rejection, and (2) energy consumption of electric based GH process can be calculated from the simulation. As a result, energy consumption of GH-RO hybrid system and conventional seawater RO process (with/without enregy recovery device) is compared. Since the energy consumption of GH process is too high, other solution used seawater heat and heat exchanger instead of electric energy is suggested.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.259-263
• /
• 2002

Three different ribbons of amorphous $Til_{1-x}Be_x$ alloys such as $Ti_{0.59}Be_{0.41},\;Ti_{0.61}Be_{0.39}\;and\;Ti_{0.63}Be_{0.37}$ were made by melt-spinning method to be used as brazing filler metals for joining Zircaloy-4 nuclear fuel cladding tubes, and their crystallization behavior as well as microstructure of the brazed zone were examined. The crystallization behavior was investigated in teams of thermal stability, crystallization temperature and activation energy. The crystallization of the $Ti_{1-x}Be_x$ alloys proceeded in two steps by the formation of ${\alpha}$-Ti at a lower temperature and of TiBe at a higher temperature. The crystallization temperature and activation energy of $Ti_{1-x}Be_x$ alloys were higher and larger than those of $Zr_{1-x}Be_x$ alloys and PVD Be. Those resulted thinner joining layer with $Ti_{1-x}Be_x$ alloys, which kept sound thickness of Zircaloy-4 nuclear fuel cladding tubes after brazing. But in the brazed zones made by $Ti_{1-x}Be_x$ filler metals, a little solid-solution layers composed of Zr and Ti were formed toward the Zr cladding tube and Zr was detected in the brazed zones. Microstructure of brazed zone was changed from globular to dentrite with decreasing Be content in the $Ti_{1-x}Be_x$ filler metal.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.39-50
• /
• 2001

Vanadium based solid solution alloys have been studied as a potential negative electrode of Ni/MH battery due to their high hydrogen storage capacity. In order to improve the kinetic property of V-Ti alloy in KOH electrolyte, the ball-milling process with Ni, which has a catalytic effect of hydrogen absorption/desorption, was carried out to modify the surface properties of V-Ti-Cr alloys with high hydrogen storage capacity. Moreover, to overcome the problem of poor cycle life, V-Ti alloy substituted by Cr, V0.68 Ti0.20 Cr0.12, has been developed showing a good cycle performance (keeping about 80 % of initial discharge capacity after 200 cycles). The cycle life of surface-modified V0.68 Ti0.20 Cr0.12 alloy was improved by suppressing the formation of TiO2 layer on the alloy surface while decreasing the amount of dissolved vanadium in the KOH electrolyte. In order to promote the effect of Ni coating on the surface property of V0.68 Ti 0.20 Cr 0.12 alloy by ball-milling, filamentary-typed Ni, which has higher surface coverage area than sphere-typed Ni was used as a surface modifier. Consequently, the surface-modified V0.68 Ti0.20 Cr0.12 alloy electrode showed a improved discharge capacity of 460 mAh/g.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제29권8호
• /
• pp.470-475
• /
• 2016

In this study, $Zn_xMn_{3-x}O_4$ (x=0.95~1.20) specimens were prepared by using a conventional mixed oxide method. All specimens were sintered in air at $1,200^{\circ}C$ for 12 h and cooled at a rate of $2^{\circ}C/min$ to $800^{\circ}C$, subsequently quenching to room temperature. We investigated the structural and electrical properties of $Zn_xMn_{3-x}O_4$ specimens with variation of ZnO amount for the application of NTC thermistors. As results of X-ray diffraction patterns, all specimens showed the formation of a complete solid solution with tetragonal spinel phase. And, the second phase was observed by the solubility limit of Zn ions in $x{\geq}1.10$ composition. The average grain size was increased from $2.72{\mu}m$ to $4.18{\mu}m$ with increasing the compositional ratio of Zn ion from x=0.95 to 1.20, respectively. $Zn_{1.10}Mn_{1.90}O_4$ specimen showed the minimum electrical resistance of $57.5k{\Omega}$ at room temperature and activation energy of 0.392 eV.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.273-278
• /
• 2018

Lithium-ion batteries have been considered the most important devices to power mobile or small-sized devices due to their high energy density. $LixCoO_2$ has been studied as a cathode material for the Li-ion battery. However, the limitation of its capacity impedes the development of high capacity cathode materials with Ni, Mn, etc. in them. The substitution of Mn and Ni for Co leads to the formation of solid solution phase $LiNi_xMn_yCo_{1-x-y}O_2$ (NMC, both x and y < 1), which shows better battery performance than unsubstituted $LiCoO_2$. However, despite a high discharge capacity in the Ni-rich compound (Ni > 0.8 in the metal site), poor cycle retention capability still remains to be overcome. In this study, aiming to improve the stability of the physical and chemical bonding, we investigate the stabilization effect of Ca in the Ni-rich layered compound $Li(Ni_{0.83}Co_{0.12}Mn_{0.05})O_2$, and then Ca is added to the modified secondary particles to lower the degree of cationic mixing of the final particles. For the optimization of the final grains added with Ca, the Ca content (x = 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 at.%) versus Li is analyzed.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제27권7호
• /
• pp.386-391
• /
• 2017

Using a customized diffusion bonder, we executed diffusion bonding for ring shaped white gold and red gold samples (inner, outer diameter, and thickness were 15.7, 18.7, and 3.0 mm, respectively) at a temperature of $780^{\circ}C$ and applied pressure of 2300 N in a vacuum of $5{\times}10^{-2}$ torr for 180 seconds. Optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to investigate the microstructure and compositional changes. The mechanical properties were confirmed by Vickers hardness and shear strength tests. Optical microscopy and FE-SEM confirmed the uniform bonding interface, which was without defects such as micro pores. EDS mapping analysis confirmed that each gold alloy was 14K with the intended composition; Ni and Cu was included as coloring metals in the white and red gold alloys, respectively. The effective diffusion coefficient was estimated based on EDS line scanning. Individual values of Ni and Cu were $5.0{\times}10^{-8}cm^2/s$ and $8.9{\times}10^{-8}cm^2/s$, respectively. These values were as large as those of the melting points due to the accelerated diffusion in this customized diffusion bonder. Vickers hardness results showed that the hardness values of white gold and red gold were 127.83 and 103.04, respectively, due to solid solution strengthening. In addition, the value at the interface indicated no formation of intermetallic compound around the bonding interface. From the shear strength test, the sample was found not to be destroyed at up to 100,000 gf due to the high bonding strength. Therefore, these results confirm the successful diffusion bonding of 14K white-red golds with a diffusion bonder at a low temperature of $780^{\circ}C$ and a short processing time of 180 seconds.

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.212-217
• /
• 1992

수용액내에서 gadolinium-벤조산 착물형성 반응의 열역학적 함수값들을 이온상수 0.1M $NaClO_4$, $25^{\circ}C$ 조건하에서 구하였다. gadolinium-벤조산 착물의 안정도는 여분의 엔트로피 효과에 기인하는 것으로 판단되며, 벤조산 리간드의 경우 한 자리 리간드에 비해 높은 안정도 상수값을 나타내었다. 이러한 높은 안정도는 리간드내의 벤젠고리의 공액효과로 예측되었다. 합성된 Ga$(ben)_3$의 고체 IR스펙트럼 결과, 벤조산 리간드가 두 자리 리간드로 작용하여 킬레이트를 형성하였으며, 80${\sim}$300K 온도 범위에서의 자화율 데이터는 Curie-Weiss 법칙에 잘 적용됨을 알 수 있었다.