• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.207-214
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate upper and lower limb muscle activity using EMG(electromyogram) sensors while walking and identify normal gait pattern using FSR(force sensing resistor) sensor. Fifteen college students participated in this study and their EMG and FSR signal were measured during stopping and walking trials. EMG signals from upper(pectoralis major and trapezius) and lower limbs(rectus femoris, biceps femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, soleus, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius medialis, and gastrocnemius lateralis) were obtained using the surface electrodes. FSR measured pressures on 8 areas of the sole of the foot during walking. EMG results showed that all muscle activities except for vastus lateralis and semimembranosus during walking had higher amplitudes than stopping. Additionally, muscle activities associated with stance and swing phase during walking were identified. Results on FSR showed that stance and swing phases were detected by FSR signals during a gait cycle. Eight gait phases－initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre swing, initial swing, mid swing, and terminal swing- were classified.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to investigate how induced microcurrent shoes affect relief of feet pain, which often occurs to persons who are more than fifty years old and how they prevent fatigue of feet generated during everyday life. The subjects of this study were comprised af five males and five females, who agreed with this research and ate more than fifty years old. And they all have plantar faciitis and pain in their feet. Methods: Subjects ware the induced microcurrent shoes far more than 4 hours everyday during the test. When they wore those shoes, they also wore the specially produced shacks made of silver-mixed thread and they were asked to avoid serious exercise. Prior to starting test and after the test, assessments were carried out two times. In the examination before the test, general shoes were used and in examination after the test, induced microcurrent shoes used. Muscle fatigue was measured by electromyography(MP150, Biopac, USA). When the walking rate of subjects on a treadmill was increased from 2.Km/h to 3Km/h for 10 minutes, muscle activities of a lower leg were measured during the whale walking process by MP150 remote monitoring system(TEL 100C). And pain was measured by VAS. Results: The results are as follows. 1. Comparisons of VAS before and after experimentation showed that degree of pain was significantly decreased(p < .05). 2. Degree of fatigue of Tibialis anterior was significantly decreased after 6 weeks of treatment(p < .05). 3. Degree of fatigue of Soleus was slightly decreased after 6 weeks of treatment, but did not show significant difference (p > .05). Conclusion: The above results suggest that induced microcurrent shoes is helpful decreasing fatigue of feet and relief of feet pain.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate that the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on pro- and macro-glycogen utilization and resynthesis. The analyses were further extended for different muscle fibers (type I, type II, & type IIb) as well as tissues (i.e., liver & heart). Total one hundred sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and rats were randomly allocated into four experimental groups: animals fed standard chow diet (n=40), animals fed saturated fatty acid diet (n=40), animals fed monounsaturated fatty acid (n=40), and animals fed polyunsaturated fatty acid (n=40). Animals in each groups were further divided into five subgroups: sacrificed at REST (n=8), sacrificed at immediately after 3 hr swim exercise (P-0HR, n=8), sacrificed at one hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-1HR, n=8), sacrificed at four hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-4HR, n=8), and sacrificed at twenty-four hour after 3 hr swim exercise (P-24HR, n=8). Soleus (type I), red gastrocnemius (type IIa), white gastrocnemius (type IIb), liver, and heart were dissected out at appropriated time point from all animals, and were used for analyses of pro- & macro-glycogen concentrations. After 8 weeks of dietary interventions, there was no significant difference in body mass in any of dietary conditions (p>.05). After 3 hr swim exercise, blood lactate level was higher compared to resting conditions in all groups, but it was returned to resting value after 1 hr rest (p<.05). Free fatty acid concentration was higher in all high fat fed groups(regardless of fatty acid composition) than CHOW consumed group. At rest, pro- & macro-glycogen concentration was not different from any of experimental groups (p>.05). Regardless of forms of glycogen, the highest level was observed in liver (p<.01), and most cases of supercompensation after 3hr exercise observed in this study were occurred in CHOW fed tissues. Except heart muscle, all tissues used in this study showed that pro- and macro-glycogen concentration was significantly decreased after 3 hr exercise. Based on these results, two conclusions were made: first, there is no different level of glycogen content in various tissues regardless of types of fatty acids consumed and second, the highest mobilization rate would be demonstrated from CHOW fed animals compare to animals that consumed any kinds of fatty acid diet if prolonged exercise is applied.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.485-492
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• 2001

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has been rapidly increased in parallel with the westernization of eating behavior in Korea. Increased consumption of animal fat and simple sugar can be potential contributors for insulin resistance. The purpose of the study was to determine whether Western-(WD) and Korean-style(KD) diets altered insulin secretion and insulin resistance in male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats weighing 98$\pm$5g were provided by KD(77 En% of starch, 5 En% of corn oil and 13 En% of gluten plus 5 En% of casein), WD(42 En% of starch, 40 En% of butter and 18% of casein) or control diet(62 En% of starch, 20 En% of corn oil and 18% of casein) for 12 weeks. Body weights were lower in KD compared to WD. Fasting blood glucose levels were not different among diets. Insulin secretion from the beta cells was higher by 2.2$\pm$0.4 folds in WD than KD at baseline. In hyperglycemic clamp insulin secretion was higher in WD than KD and CD. Whole body glucose disposal rates referred to the state of insulin sensitivity were lowest in WD among groups. Glycogen deposits in soleus and quadriceps muscles were lowest in WD among all groups, but their triglyceride contents were highest. GLUT4 contents and glycogen synthase were lowest in WD in both muscles. In conclusions, westernization of diets needed more insulin to normalization of blood glucose levels due to increased insulin resistance. Thus, WD would lead to increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus when increased insulin resistance could not be compensated by insulin secretion in the case of elevated blood glucose levels. (Korean J Nutriton 34(5) : 485~492, 2001)

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was to determine the preventive effects of combined interventional trial of fish oil treatment and exercise training on insulin resistance of skeletal muscle in high-fat fed rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into chow diet (CD), high-fat diet (HF), high-fat diet with fish oil (FO), high-fat diet with exercise training (EX), and FO+EX groups. The rats in control group were fed chow diet containing, as percents of calories, 58.9% carbohydrate, 12.4% fat, and 28.7% protein. High-fat diet provided 32% energy as lard, 18% as corn oil, 27% as carbohydrate and 23% as casein. The fish oil diet had the same composition as the high fat diet except that 100 g menhaden oil was substituted for corn oil. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by in vitro glucose transport in the soleus muscle after diet treatment and treadmill running for 4 weeks. While the FO or EX only partially prevented insulin resistance on glucose transport and visceral obesity induced by high-fat diet, these interventions completely corrected hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia from the high-fat diet. The rats in the FO+EX showed normalized insulin action on glucose transport, plasma chemicals and visceral fat mass. Insulin-mediated glucose transport was negatively associated with total visceral fat mass (r=－0.734; p＜0.000), plasma triglyceride (r=－0.403; p＜0.05) and lepin (r=－0.583; p＜0.001) concentrations with significance. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that only total visceral fat mass was independently associated with insulin-mediated glucose transport (r=－0.668; p＜0.000). In conclusion, combined interventional trial of FO+EX recovered insulin resistance on glucose transport of skeletal muscle induced by high-fat diet. Visceral fat mass might be more important factor than plasma TG and leptin to induce insulin resistance on glucose transport of skeletal muscle in high-fat fed rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.205-219
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• 1976

한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊) 12마리의 후지근(後肢筋)을 절개하여 관찰하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 한국재래산양(韓國在來山羊)의 후지근(後肢筋)에서는 다음과 같은 근(筋)들을 관찰할 수 있었다 : 소요근(小腰筋) M. psoas minor, 대요근(大腰筋) M. psoas major, 장골근(腸骨筋) M. iliacus, 요방형근(腰方形筋) M. quadratus lumborum, 대퇴근막장근(大腿筋膜張筋) M. tensor fasciae lata, 중둔근(中臀筋) M. gluteus medius, 심둔근(深臀筋) M. gluteus profundus, 둔이두근(臀二頭筋) M. gluteobiceps, 반건양근(半腱樣筋) M. semitendinosus, 반막양근(半膜樣筋) M. semimbranosus, 봉공근(縫工筋) M. sartorius, 박근(薄筋) M. gracilis, 치골근(恥骨筋) M. pectineus, 내전근(內轉筋) M. adductor, 대퇴방형근(大腿方形筋) M. quadratus femoris, 외폐쇄근(外閉鎖筋) M. obturatorius externus, 내폐쇄근(內閉鎖筋) M. obturatorius internus, 쌍자근(雙子筋) M. gemelli, 대퇴사두근(大腿四頭筋) M. quadriceps femoris, 제삼비골근 M. fibularis tertius, 내측지신근(內側趾伸筋) M. extensor digitorum medialis, 장지신근(長趾伸筋) M. extensor digitorum longus, 전경골근(前脛骨筋) M. tibialis cranialis, 장비골근 M. fibularis longes, 외측지신근(外側趾伸筋) M. extensor digitorum lateralis, 비복근 M. gastrocnemius, 가제미근(筋) M. soleus, 천지굴근(淺趾屈筋) M. flexor digitorum superficialis, 심지굴근(深趾屈筋) M. flexor digitorum profundus, 슬와근(膝窩筋) M. popliteus, 골간근(骨間筋) M. interosseus medius. 2. 천둔근(淺臀筋)의 전부(前部)는 대퇴근막장근(大腿筋膜張筋)과 융합된 것 같고, 후부(後部)는 대퇴이두근(大腿二頭筋)과 융합된 것 같다. 그러나 천둔근(淺臀筋)의 후부(後部)와 대퇴이두근(大腿二頭筋)이 결합된 것으로 생각되는 부분에는 완전융합이 일어나지 않고 천둔근(淺臀筋)을 구분(區分)할 수 있을 정도로 표면으로 2근(筋)을 분리(分離)할 수 있었다. 3. 외측지신근(外側趾伸筋)과 내측지신근(內側趾伸筋)의 건(腱)은 부전골의 원위(遠位) 1/3부(部)에서 서로 건막성(腱膜性)띠에 의하여 서로 연결 되었는데, 이 건막성(腱膜性) 띠는 건섬유(腱纖維)의 방향(方向)으로 보아 외측지신근(外側趾伸筋)의 건(腱)에서 분리(分離)되어 나온 한 가지 (branch)가 내측지신근(內側趾伸筋)의 건(腱)으로 이행되고 있었다. 4, 양(羊)에서 볼 수 있는 이상근(梨狀筋) M. piriformis과 장모지신근(長母趾伸筋) M. extensor hallucis longus은 나타나지 않았다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.731-738
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• 2003

The technique known as proteomics is useful for characterizing the protein expression pattern of a particular tissue or cell type as well as quantitatively identifying differences in the levels of individual proteins. In present study, we carried out the comparative expression patterns of white and red muscles. We used the two-dimensional electrophoresis(2-DE) for analyzing the protein expression. Proteins isolated from porcine white and red muscles were separated by 12% poly-acrylamide gel and then were detected by coomassie blue and silver staining. More than 600 protein spots were detected on each 2-DE gel. By visual analysis of the stained gel, five proteins were identified to be differentially expressed in the white vs red muscle. By database searching based on the molecular weights and pI(isoelectric point) of the five proteins, three of them were found to be most close to troponin I, T and myoglobin. However, further researche is needed for identification and functional analysis of the unidentified proteins. In conclusion, we found five proteins, which are differentially expressed in the white vs red muscle. The functional analysis of the differentially expressed proteins will provide valuable information on biochemical characteristics of the muscle type.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2016

In this paper, we measured human body signals in order to verify a active harness system that we developed for gait and balance training. The experimental procedure was validated by tests with 20 healthy male subjects. They conducted motions of Activities of Daily Living(ADL)(Normal Walking, Stand-to-Sit, Sit-to-Stand, Stair Walking Up, and Stair Walking Down) according to body weight support rates (0%, 30%, 50% of subjects' body weight). The effectiveness of the active harness system is verified by using the results of foot pressure distribution. In normal walking, the decrease of fore-foot pressure, lateral soleus muscle and biceps femoris muscle were remarkable. The result of stand-to-sit results motion indicated that the rear-foot pressure and tibialis anterior muscle activities exceptionally decreased according to body weight support. The stair walking down show the marked drop of fore-foot pressure and rectus femoris muscle activities. The sit-to-stand and stair walking up activities were inadequate about the effect of body weight support because the velocity of body weight support system was slower than male's activity.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.469-477
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of insole-equipped ankle-foot-orthoses (AFO) on gait. 10 healthy males who had no history of injury in the lower extremity participated in this study as the subjects. The foot of each subject was first scanned, and the insole fit to the plantar was made using BDI-PCO(Pedcad Gmbh, Germany). The subject then was made to walk on a treadmill under four experimental conditions: 1) normal walking, 2) walking wearing AFO, 3) walking wearing AFO equipped with the insole, 4) walking wearing pneumatic-ankle-foot-orthosis (pAFO) equipped with the insole. During walking, foot pressure data such as maximum force, contacting area, peak pressure, and mean pressure was collected using Pedar-X system (Novel Gmbh, Germany) and EMG activity of lower limb muscles such as gastrocnemius medial head, gastrocnemius lateral head, and soleus was recorded using MP150 EMG module (BIOPAC System Inc., USA). Collected data was then analyzed using paired t-test in order to investigate the effects of the insole. As a result of the analysis, when insole was equipped, overall contacting area was increased while both the highest peak pressure and the mean pressure were significantly decreased, and EMG activity of the lower limb muscles was decreased. On the contrary, the cases of wearing AFO showed the decreased contacting area and the increased pressures. Therefore, the AFO equipped with a proper insole fit well to the foot can help comfortable walking by spreading the pressure over the entire plantar.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.41 no.8
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• pp.771-782
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• 2017

This paper describes the development of a wearable robot to assist ankle power for the elderly. Previously developed wearable robots have generally used motors and gears to assist muscle power during walking. However, the combination of motor and reduction gear is heavy and has limitations on the simultaneous control of stiffness and torque due to the friction of the gear reducer unlike human muscles. Therefore, in this study, Mckibben pneumatic muscle, which is lighter, safer, and more powerful than an electric motor with gear, was used to assist ankle joint. Antagonistic actuation using a pair of pneumatic muscles assisted the power of the soleus muscles and tibialis anterior muscles used for the pitching motion of the ankle joint, and the model parameters of the antagonistic actuator were experimentally derived using a muscle test platform. To recognize the wearer's walking intention, foot load and ankle torque were calculated by measuring the pressure and the center of pressure of the foot using force and linear displacement sensors, and the stiffness and the torque of the pneumatic muscle joint were then controlled by the calculated ankle torque and foot load. Finally, the performance of the developed ankle power assistive robot was experimentally verified by measuring EMG signals during walking experiments on a treadmill.