• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.178-183
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• 1997

The effect of different relative humidity(RH) of atmosphere on the uptake of calcium by tomato plant was investigated through an experiment in the protected cultivation system. The RH regime was imposed by humidifiying by humidifier in one plot, and by mulching the ridge to cut down the evaporation of water to lower the RH, in another plot. During the course of plant growth, RH in the humidified plot, at noon, was about 70%, while in non-humidufied plot, RH was about 50%. The humidification also resulted in the lowering of temperature significantly(by about, $3.1^{\circ}C$). This higher RH of atmosphere under humidifying treatment, resulted in the increase in the water efflux rate of root significantly(greater by 0.24g/g dry root/h than that under mulching treatment). Relatively severe occurrence of blossom end rot(23%) was observed in the humidifying treatment, while no such symptom occurred in mulching plot. The efflux rates of Ca, K and Mg were found to be higher in the humidifying plot. It was also observed that the concentrations of Ca, Mg and K in the xylem solution was 2-4 times higher than that of gydroponic solution. This suggested that the occurrence of blossom end rot, under high RH of atmosphere, would not be due to the decrease in the uptake of Ca per se, by tomato plant, but due to anomalies in the distribution of it within the plant.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.138-164
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• 2022

The Neolithic shell midden in Daejuk-ri, Seosan, is distributed on the gentle slope of a low hill close to the west coast. The bedrock of the area consists mainly of schist with various mafic minerals, but shows a partial gneiss pattern. The site consists of loamy topsoil and clay loam subsoil, and the degree of siallization is relatively low. Although the pottery excavated from the shell midden shares mostly similar features, a variety of shapes and patterns coexist. The surface colors, thickness and physical properties are slightly different. The pottery can be subdivided into three types (IA, IB and II) according to the composition of the body clay, the temper and the existence of a black core. Types IA and IB are colorless mineral pottery with a non-black or black core respectively. TypeII is colored mineral pottery with a non-black core. Type I pottery also contains non-plastic colored minerals, but type II contains a large amount of biotite, chlorite, talc, amphibole, diopside and tremolite, which include a large amount of Mg and Fe. The studied pottery contains a small amount of organic matter. Considering the grain size and relatively poor sorting and roundness of the non-plastic particles, the pottery appears to be made by adding coarse non-plastic tempers for special purposes to the untreated weathered soil around the site. The three types of pottery seem to have been incompletely fired in general. While type IB has the lowest degree of oxidation, typeII shows the highest degree of redness and oxidation. It can be interpreted that these differences depend on the firing temperature and the ratio of non-plastic particles. Through a synthesis of the minerals, geochemical data and thermal history, it can be determined that the firing temperature ranged from 600 to 700℃. The pottery types of the Daejuk-ri Shell Midden have slightly different production conditions, mineral compositions, and physical properties, but have undergone similar production processes with basically the same clay materials. The clay is almost identical to the composition of the bedrock and weathered soil distributed in the Daejuk-ri area. Currently, there is an industrial complex in the area, so it is difficult to confirm the soil and geological distribution of the site. However, it is highly probable that the area around the site was self-sufficient for the clay and tempers required for the production of the Neolithic pottery. Therefore, it can be interpreted that the group that left the shell midden in Daejuk-ri lived near the site, visited the site for the purpose of collecting and processing shellfish, and discarded the broken pottery along with shells.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.154-163
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• 2021

This study was carried out to present the habitat distribution status and the habitat distribution prediction of Sophora koreensis, which is the Korean Endemic Plant included in the EN (Endangered) class of the IUCN Red List. The habit distribution survey of Sophora koreensis confirmed 19 habitats in Gangwon Province, including 13 habitats in Yanggu-gun, 3 habitats in Inje-gun, 2 habitats in Chuncheon-si, and 1 habitat in Hongcheon-gun. The northernmost habitat of Sophora koreensis in Korea was in Imdang-ri, Yanggu-gun; the easternmost habitat in Hangye-ri, Inje-gun; the westernmost habitat in Jinae-ri, Chuncheon-si; and the southernmost habitat in Sungdong-ri, Hongcheon-gun. The altitude of the Sophora koreensis habitats ranged from 169 to 711 m, with an average altitude of 375m. The area of the habitats was 8,000-734,000 m², with an average area of 202,789 m². Most habitats were the managed forests, such as thinning and pruning forests. The MaxEnt program analysis for the potential habitat of Sophora koreensis showed the AUC value of 0.9762. The predictive habitat distribution was Yanggu-gun, Inje-gun, Hwacheon-gun, and Chuncheon-si in Gangwon Province. The variables that influence the prediction of the habitat distribution were the annual precipitation, soil carbon content, and maximum monthly temperature. This study confirmed that habitats of Sophora koreensis were mostly found in the ridge area with rich light intensity. They can be used as basic data for the designation of protected areas of Sophora koreensis habitat.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.413-423
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• 2020

Over the wide area, King Sejong Station and the nearby land are uncovered with snow and ice conditions. Therefore, the active layer on the permafrost has been formed to be much thicker than the other Antarctica region. Electrical resistivity survey of Wenner and dipole-dipole arrays was undertaken at a series of time in the freezing season at the King Sejong Station to delineate subsurface structure and to monitor active layer in permafrost terrain. Time-lapse resistivity structures are well in terms of the vegetation distribution, ground surface temperature, and snow depth. Horizontal high resistivity belt(>1826 Ωm) at very shallow depth is thickening with the lapse of time, probably caused by the freezing of the water in the pore spaces with decrease of ground temperature. Subsurface structures for the area of low snow-cover and vegetated zone area are comprised of 0~0.5 m deep high-resistive gravel-rich soil, 0.5~3 m deep low-resistive active layer, and the underlying permafrost. In contrast, the unvegetated area and high snow-buildup is characterized with high resistivities larger than approximately 2000 Ωm due to freezing of the soil throughout the year. Data interpretation and correlation schemes explored in this paper can be applied to confirm the active layer, which is expected to get thinner in additional survey during the thawing season.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.489-502
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• 2012

Biogeochemical processes in groundwater-stream water mixing zone are recently of great interest because biodegradation and natural attenuation of aquatic contaminants may occur through the processes. The objectives of this study are to investigate the hydrologic and biogeochemical processes at the groundwater-stream water mixing zone through which surface water-driven nitrate may be naturally attenuated, and to examine the effect of the vertical flow exchange flux on biogeochemical processes using correlation analysis. To examine the direction of vertical water flow in the zone, vertical hydraulic gradients were measured at several depths using mini-piezometers. Microbial populations in soil samples of the zone were also analyzed by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Cloning methods. In addition, partial correlations among vertical flow exchange, nitrate concentration and microbial activity was investigated to examine their mutual interaction. The results showed the significant interaction among the three parameters, resulting in natural attenuation of nitrate. This study showed an example of the biogeochemical fuction of groundwater-stream water mixing zone, which can be predictable from the examination of the interaction among microbial activities, concentration of contamination and vertical flow exchange flux. temperature show a significant difference in adjacent streambed, Also, the results shows that distribution of temperature was more affected by groundwater direction than intensity of flux.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.299-316
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• 2009

The Goryeo roof tiles from the Oegol site in Tangjeong, Asan are classified into three groups in color such as gray, red yellow and gray-yellow groups, respectively. While each group of tiles shows characteristic specific gravity, absorption ratio, LOI and vitrification degree, mineral content and distribution, and chemical composition are generally homogeneous among all groups of roof tiles. Also, all roof tiles and soils from the site show similar geochemical behavior of elements and clay-mineralization degree. This indicates that the soil from the site is probable to be a raw material of the roof tiles. Firing temperature of the roof tiles is estimated as 950 to $1,050^{\circ}C$ for the gray group, 800 to $900^{\circ}C$ for the red yellow group, and 900 to $950^{\circ}C$ for the gray-yellow group. In conclusion, roof tiles from the Oegol site is interpreted to be made of local clay without additive minerals, applying various firing conditions and standardized purifying process of raw clay materials.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.149-157
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• 1990

Five strains of Armillaria mellea were collected from the forest of Chonbuk province and isolated from the tissue of fruit bodies. Nutritional and environmental characteristics of mycelial cultivation and rhizomorph production of Armillaria mellea isolated were determined in sawdust media, woody inocula and soils. The sawdust media of Styphnolobium japonicum, Culhamia simplex, Populus monilifera and Populua davidiana were proper for mycelial growth. The ranges of optimum pH, temperature and moisture content for mycelial growth were in the range of $4.5{\sim}5.0$, ${\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and $65{\sim}70%$, respectively. Among the various additives and inorganic salts added, 10% rice bran and 3% $CaCO_3$ were effective to mycelial growth. The woody inocula of Styphnolobium japonicum, Culhamia simplex, Quercus acutissima and Quercus veriabilis were proper for rhizomorph production. The ranges of optimum pH, moisture content and temperature for rhizomorph production were in the range of $4.5{\sim}4.9,$ $45{\sim}55%\;(w/w)$ and $20{\sim}24^{\circ}C$, respectively. Distribution of rhizomorphs in soil was varied with depth, but the main concentration occurred in the range of $7.5{\sim}12.5\;cm$. They were rarely found below 25.0 cm.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This study was aimed at assess environmental conservation functions by analyzing the change of land use areas in agricultural fields between 1999 and 2006, and comparing land surface temperature distribution between 1994 and 2006 in Yongin city. Land use maps of Yongin city were obtained from soil maps for 1999, Quickbird satellite images(less than 1 m) and parcel map for 2006. The land use area for Yongin city was in the order of forest > paddy field > upland > residence & building in 1999, and forest > residence & building > paddy field > upland in 2006. Decrease of paddy and upland fields reduced 34% and 41% of the capability of agricultural multifunctionality as to environment including flood control, groundwater recharge, and air cooling. Land surface temperature(LST) was derived from Landsat TM thermal infrared band acquired in September of 1994 and 2006 and classified into three grades. The results impplied that green vegetation in agricultural field and forest play an important role to reduce land surface temperature in warm season.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.130-140
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• 1989

1) Dormancy brocken weed seeds were planted in soil at 15 days interval from June to December in 1986 and 1987 and test of normality and normal distribution curve were made to determine seasonal distribution characteristics of weed emergence in fields. Monthly emergence distribution pattern of each species can be concluded as following normal distribution equations. E. crusgalli $y={\frac{1}{2.52{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-10.057)^2}{12.7}}}$ E. indica $y={\frac{1}{2.17{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-9.16)^2}{9.45}}}$ A. lividus $y={\frac{1}{7.74{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-10.06)^2}{15.46}}}$ S. nigrum $y={\frac{1}{2.7{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-9.695)^2}{14.58}}}$ C. busrsa-pastoris $y={\frac{1}{2.83{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-9.02)^2}{16.02}}}$ D. sanguinalis $y={\frac{1}{2.8{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-8.58)^2}{15.67}}}$ S. viridis $y={\frac{1}{2.72{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-9.36)^2}{14.8}}}$ C. album $y={\frac{1}{2.596{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-8.07)^2}{13.48}}}$ P. oleraeda $y={\frac{1}{2.45{\sqrt{2{\pi}}}}}e^{-{\frac{(x-10.83)^2}{12.01}}}$ 2) Emergence peak period of weed species tested were from the end of May to early August and yearly variation of emergence was observed in E. crus-galli, S. viridis, S, nigrum, and P. oleracea and this fact may more related to rainfall pattern rather than temperature.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 1982

Main consideration of this trial is to know whether the planting work should be possible to do not only in the early spring but also in the summer or autumn, for giving the guide to get the work plan and to broaden the employing season of the skilled forest worker. Seedling of Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepsis, Pinus rigida, Pinus rigida${\times}$ P. taeda(wind) and Chamaecyparia obtusa as the test species had been planted in 15 days interval from the middle of March to the end of November. The seedling survival was investigated in the spring time of coming year because the winter damage could be problems. At the same time the climate data was measured daily and the shoot growth of test species were also measured in other near plantation at 15 days interval to know the influence to survival. From these results the spring and autumn planting is showing the good survival and the summer planting seems to give the difficulties. The spring planting in the southern temperate zone could be stared earlier as the end of February or beginning of March because the soil temperature are increasing up more $5^{\circ}C$ from this time. But the summer planting from the beginning of May until the end of August in better to avoid with excluding specially the good season of rainfall distribution because of the shoot growth of green confer seedling and the leave sprouting of Larix leptolepsis are so vigorously growing up from the begining of May and its wood structure is too weak to compensate the water loss. But among the test species Pinus koraiensis and Chamaecyparis obtusa have more possibility to plant in the summer season. The autumn planting seems to be very reasonable to accept newly in the trial region. This may be the reasons of still high soil temperature to grow the seedling root and of hardened school to resist from the dry winter wind. But it will be carefully that the strongly exposured site could be to avoid for the autumn planting in case of specially Pinus rigida${\times}$P. taeda and Chamaecyparis obtusa. From these discussion the guide table 1 for planting season with the test species is proposed and can be used for planing and employing in the trial zone.