• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.65-80
• /
• 2006

Ash amendment to manure holds potential as a method to neutralize manure for reducing odor and reduce phosphorus (P) solubility in runoff from fields where manure has been applied. This review focuses on the literature published about ash characteristics and their environmental uses. There is no uniform physico-chemical definition of the selected ashes (coal fly ash-CFA, wood ash-WA, and rice hull ash-RHA) used in various studies. These ashes vary greatly in their acidity (pH<6.0) or alkalinity (pH>12.5) based on the conditions at which they were farmed and the composition of the ash source. CFA amendment to manure reduced manure-P solubility and application of CFA amended manure to agricultural soils is a method to improve water quality WA may prove to be a valuable manure odor control amendment since WA contains a high level of carbon. A major biomass source is rice hull (husk) which provides an ash source (RHA). The .ice hull and RHA are sources of silica, compromising about 20% and 60%, respectively. So far research has been directed at the use of CFA, WA and RHA as soil amendments, but there is potential use of these materials as manure additives to sequester P and reduce odors.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.38-46
• /
• 2009

Livestock manure is an important source of nutrients for crop production. However, farmers typically do not know the exact nutrient values for livestock manure. In many instances, manure has been viewed as a waste, and as a result it is applied close to the source resulting in over application of nutrients. Thus, the goal of nutrient application has often been applied to reduce the application expense rather than to maximize crop income. This results in wasted money and potentially negative impacts on water quality. Several livestock manure management scenarios were created based on agronomic nutrient requirements using the Utilization of Animal Manure as a Plant Nutrient (AMANURE) software to investigate water quality impacts with the National Agricultural Pesticide Risk Analysis (NAPRA) WWW modeling system. Application of manure at agronomic rates can result in high nitrate-nitrogen losses for some soil types, especially when applied in late fall. The application of manure at an agronomic rate does not necessarily equate to adequate water quality protection, and farmers must take care applying manure at agronomic rates, because nitrate-nitrogen loss potential varies spatially and temporarily. Nutrient loss probability maps for Indiana at 5%, 10%, 25%, and 50% values were created to demonstrate potential water quality impacts when livestock manure is applied to cropland at agronomic rates. The NAPRA WWW system coupled with AMANURE can be used to identify site-specific livestock manure management plans that are environmentally sound and agronomically appropriate.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.178-186
• /
• 2018

Generally, in terms of the development of irrigation scheme, the efficient water resource management that supplies the irrigation water in consideration of the required time and accurate quantity to grow the crop should be conducted. The water resource assessment should precede to supply the irrigation water efficiently. The water resources assessment is divided into the water requirement analysis and the water availability assessment. In case of Korea, the major crop is paddy rice unlike crops of Africa, such as sugarcane, maize, and cassava, etc. Because it is not familiar with the method for upland irrigation development in tropical area, it needs to know the water resources assessment for irrigation scheme development about these crops. The Natama Scheme in Chiradzulu District of the Southern Malawi was selected as study area, which has tropical climate. From the collected meteorological data, the evapotranspiration was analyzed by Penman-Monteith Method and the effective rainfall was analyzed by USDA Soil Conservation Service Method. This study displays the results that for study area, the evapotranspiration varies from 2.80 mm/day to 5.51 mm/day and the effective rainfall varied from 2.1mm to 149.0mm. According to the selected crop (Green Maize, Dry Maize), the unit water requirement (UWR) and water demand (WD) considering the irrigation efficiency, irrigation time and irrigation area were estimated to be $0.00122m^3/s/ha$ and $0.0122m^3/s$ respectively. For the water availability assessment, the runoff of Natama scheme was calculated by specific yield method. The water availability was evaluated through reviewed differences of discharge between $Q80_{intake}$ and Total WD, and the irrigation water can be supplied sufficiently in the existing 10ha of Natama scheme. As a result of reviewing the extensibility of irrigable area, total WD of scheme is $0.02313m^3/s$, and $Q80_{intake}$ is $0.02387m^3/s$ ($Q80_{intake}$ > Total WD). Therefore, Natama scheme can be extended from 10 ha to 17 ha in the dry season in consideration of the $Q80_{intake}$.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.145-156
• /
• 2015

This study was based on water quality data of the Lake Doam watershed, monitored from 2010 to 2013 at eight different sites with multiple physiochemical parameters. The dataset was divided into two sub-datasets, namely, non-rainy and rainy. Principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) techniques were applied to evaluate seasonal correlations of water quality parameters and extract the most significant parameters influencing stream water quality. The first five principal components identified by PCA techniques explained greater than 80% of the total variance for both datasets. PCA and FA results indicated that total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved inorganic phosphorus were the most significant parameters under the non-rainy condition. This indicates that organic and inorganic pollutants loads in the streams can be related to discharges from point sources (domestic discharges) and non-point sources (agriculture, forest) of pollution. During the rainy period, turbidity, suspended solids, nitrate nitrogen, and dissolved inorganic phosphorus were identified as the most significant parameters. Physical parameters, suspended solids, and turbidity, are related to soil erosion and runoff from the basin. Organic and inorganic pollutants during the rainy period can be linked to decayed matters, manure, and inorganic fertilizers used in farming. Thus, the results of this study suggest that principal component analysis techniques are useful for analysis and interpretation of data and identification of pollution factors, which are valuable for understanding seasonal variations in water quality for effective management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.33 no.6 s.113
• /
• pp.51-77
• /
• 2006

Pond management is a critical part of overall golf course management, both during growth and maintenance modes of turf care. This study investigated 48 ponds in nine 18- or 27-hole golf courses to analyze the environmental characteristics of ponds. The research process had three phases: (1) inventory and analysis of grading plans and drainage plans, (2) field verification and interviews with greenskeepers, and (3) analyses of water quality and statistics. All data were collected from May to August in 2004. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. It is desirable to site a golf course in a small watershed with high watershed eccentricity to control storm water runoff efficiently and to minimize soil erosion during construction. 2. The siting and size of a pond should be determined through a land-use analysis of the watershed for the purpose of ecological management. The bigger the forest-to-golf course ratio, the better the water quality will be. 3. The size and capacity of each individual ponds varied and there were many somewhat longish rather than round ponds. 4. There were many differences among golf courses in naturalness of the ponds, and the correlation between naturalness and area of aquatic plants was very high. 5. Analyses of pond water quality indicated that the degrees of Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demanded and Suspended Solids were relatively low values but Total Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen were too high. Therefore a systematic approach is needed to solve e problem. Pesticide residues were not detected in all ponds. 6. Water depth and area of hydrophyte should be considered when designing an ecological pond. 7. All ponds used storm water as a main source of water supply and added underground water. Aquatic plants and physical methods such as water aeration and spray fountains were the main choices for maintaining a healthy aquatic environment.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.287-299
• /
• 2013

The objective of this study is to derive and evaluate the drought threshold level based on hydro-meteorological data using historical drought events. After collecting the drought events during 1991 to 2009 year, the observed meteorological data and estimated hydrological component from LSM are used as input for the percentile analysis that is drought analysis data. The drought threshold level that precipitation and runoff of 3 month duration are less than 35%, soil moisture of 2 month duration is less than 35% and evapotranspiration of 3 month duration is more than 65% is derived using ROC analysis that are objective test method. ROC analysis with SPI (3) is performed to evaluate the applicability of threshold level in the domestic. As a result, it can be concluded that the derived drought threshold level show better performance to reflect the historical drought events than SPI (3) and it reasonably explain the spatial drought situation through the spatial analysis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.38 no.3 s.172
• /
• pp.247-260
• /
• 2005

Extractable concentrations (0.1 N & 1.0 N HCI) of heavy metals in roadside sediments are lower than guidelines for soil recommended by Ministry of Environment. Heavy traffic areas (such as No. 7 national road) show high contents of heavy metals, especially, at curved areas, gully pot, crackdown areas on overspeed, pedestrian crossing etc. Fine fractions $(<63\;{\mu}m)$ of roadside sediments have the highest concentrations of heavy metals, but mass loadings of heavy metal are determined by coarse fractions $(>100{\mu}m)$, due to washing out of fine fraction sediment by runoff water. Proper treatment facilities are needed to control the inflow of fine roadside sediments from No. 7 national road and bridge such as Hanmul bridge.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.405-422
• /
• 2020

Land use change by urbanization has significantly affected the hydrological process including the runoff characteristics. Due to this situation, it has been becoming more complicated to manage non-point source pollutions caused by rainfall. In order to effectively control non-point sources, it is necessary to identify the reduction efficiency of the various management method based on land use characteristics. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the reduction efficiency of non-point source pollution management practices targeting three different watersheds with the different land use characteristics using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). To do this, the vulnerable subwatersheds to non-point source pollution occurrence within each watershed were selected based on the streamflow and water quality simulation results. Then, considering the land use, low impact development (LID) or best management practices (BMPs) were applied to the selected subwatersheds and the efficiency of each management was analyzed. As a result of analysis of the non-point source pollution reduction efficiency, when LID was applied to urban areas, the average reduction efficiencies of SS, NO₃-N, and TP were 5.92%, 4.62%, and 10.35%, respectively. When BMPs were applied to rural areas, the average reduction efficiencies of SS, TN and TP were 35.45%, 4.37%, and 10.16%, respectively. The results of this study can be used as a reference for determining appropriate management methods for non-point source pollution in urban, rural, and complex watersheds.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.251-263
• /
• 2007

In this paper, we constructed the integrated watershed model system, SWAT-Nak Dong that include areal mean precipitaiton, runoff and water balance components in the Nak Dong river basins and with this model system we are capable of estimating streamflows for ungaged river stations and analyzing the variations of the streamflows. SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is a conceptual, continous time model that was developed in the early 1990s to assist water resource managers in assessing the impact of management and climate on water supplies and non-point source pollution III watersheds and large river basins. Using the SWAT-Nak Dong system and various scenarios, we analyzed and evaluated the dams and water uses effects on the streamflows.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.8 no.1 s.15
• /
• pp.3-14
• /
• 2002

Changes of chemical properties by times of the reclaimed tidal land soils and soil surface water, underground infiltration water with precipitation-runoff on natural meteological condition in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields were investigated. This study was carried out to use environment-friendly farm land in the reclaimed tidal lands. The soils used in this study were saline-alkaline soils with the high $Na^+$ and $Mg^{++}$ content. As the results of investigation outflow loading of nutriments through outflow water in the unripened tidal reclaimed paddy fields by precipitation during the survey period, nutriments equivalent to T-N $1{\sim}2\;kg\;10a^{ -1}$ and T-P $0.01{\sim}0.02\;kg\;10a^{-1}$ from in the unripened tidal lands were discharged. Besides, the results of comparison losses of cation through outflow water showed $Na^+>\;K^+>\;Mg^{++}\;>\;Ca^{++}$, and the highest appeared water discharge of $Na^+$. In case of saemangeum reclaimed tidal land soils water discharge of cations showed $Ca^{++}$ 1.3 kg $10a^{-1}$, $Mg^{++}$ 1.6 kg $10a^{-1}$, $Na^+$ 17.7 kg $10a^{-1}$, and $K^+$ 3.2 kg $10a^{-1}$ respectively. On the other hand, in case of koheung reclaimed tidal lands soils water discharge of cations showed $Ca^{++}$ 18.1 kg $10a^{-1}$, $Mg^{++}$ 31.2 kg $10a^{-1}$, $Na^+$ 320.8 kg $10a^{-1}$ and $K^+$ 51.2 kg $10a^{-1}$ respectively.