• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2005

Because soil compaction is a concern in crop production and environmental pollution, quantification and management of spatial and vertical variability in soil compaction for soil strength) would be a useful aspect of site -specific field management. In this paper, a soil strength profile sensor (SSPS) that could take measurements continuously while traveling across the field was developed and the performance was evaluated through laboratory and field tests. The SSPS obtained data simultaneously at 5 evenly spaced depths up to 50 em using an array of load cells, each of which was interfaced with a soil-cutting tip. Means of soil strength measurements collected in adjacent, parallel transects were not significantly different, confirming the repeatability of soil strength sensing with the SSPS. Maps created with sensor data showed spatial and vertical variability in soil strength. Depth to the restrictive layer was different for different field locations, and only 5 to 16% of the tested field areas were highly compacted.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2006년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.411-414
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• 2006

This study was examined to determine hydraulic conductivity of vadose zone($K_s$) and effective porosity(${\phi}_e$) of undisturbed soil profiles collected at each vadose zone of 6 study areas in South Korea. Effective porosity was approximately 19% of total porosity for each soil profile. Applied to Ahuja's equation, the correlation between $K_s$ and ${\phi}_e$ showed $y=1.3{\times}10^{-7}x^{2.15}(r^2=0.37)$ for total soil profiles. Although the small numbers of soil profile were used for this study, the result of this study might be used for other soil hydraulic studies as reasonable data.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1181-1188
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 토양 표면의 레이더 후방 산란 계수와 표면 거칠기의 관계를 계산해 보고, 측정 길이에 따른 표면 거칠기 변화를 알아본 후에, 측정 길이에 따른 표면 거칠기와 레이더 후방 산란 계수의 관계를 보여준다. 이 연구 결과에 따르면, 측정 길이가 짧아져서 표면 거칠기 값의 변화가 심하다하더라도 계산된 레이더 후방 산란 계수에는 적은 영향밖에 주지 않는다는 것을 보여준다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.382-389
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• 2009

An in-situ probe-based spectrophotometer has been developed. This system used two spectrometers to measure soil reflectance spectra from 450 nm to 2200 nm. It collects soil electrical conductivity (EC) and insertion force measurements in addition to the optical data. Six fields in Kansas were mapped with the VIS-NIR (visible-near infrared) probe module and sampled for calibration and validation. Results showed that VIS-NIR correlated well with carbon in all six fields, with RPD (the ratio of standard deviation to root mean square error of prediction) of 1.8 or better, RMSE of 0.14 to 0.22%, and $R^2$ of 0.69 to 0.89. From the investigation of carbon variability within the soil profile and by tillage practice, the 0-5 cm depth in a no-till field contained significantly higher levels of carbon than any other locations. Using the selected calibration model with the soil NIR probe data, a soil profile map of estimated carbon was produced, and it was found that estimated carbon values are highly correlated to the lab values. The array of sensors (VIS-NIR, electrical conductivity, insertion force) used in the probe allowed estimating bulk density, and three of the six fields were satisfactory. The VIS-NIR probe also showed the obtained spectra data were well correlated with nitrogen for all fields with RPD scores of 1.84 or better and coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of 0.7 or higher.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.10-20
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• 2004

Precision agriculture aims to minimize costs and environmental damage caused by agriculture and to maximize crop yield and profitability, based on information collected at within-field locations. In this process, quantification of soil physical properties, including soil strength, would be useful. To quantify and manage variability in soil strength, there is need for a strength sensor that can take measurements continuously while traveling across the field. In this paper, preliminary analyses were conducted using two datasets available with current technology, (1) cone penetrometer readings collected at different compaction levels and for different soil textures and (2) tillage draft (TD) collected from an entire field. The objective was to provide information useful for design of an on-the-go soil strength profile sensor and for interpretation of sensor test results. Analysis of cone index (CI) profiles led to the selection of a 0.5-m design sensing depth, 10-MPa maximum expected soil strength, and 0.1-MPa sensing resolution. Compaction level, depth, texture, and water content of the soil all affected CI. The effects of these interacting factors on data obtained with the soil strength sensor should be investigated through experiments. Spatial analyses of CI and TD indicated that the on-the-go soil strength sensor should acquire high spatial-resolution, high-frequency ($\ge$ 4 Hz) measurements to capture within-field spatial variability.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.91-99
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• 2001

This paper is for a reasonable selection of design response spectra for the seismic design of specific types of soil-structure interaction systems, e.g., underground structure within flexible soil profiles of structures on the shallow soil layers on the stiff bed rock. the existing backup data used for determining the design response spectra of the Code have been investigated and evaluated. For this purpose, various types of free field analyses have been performed using one-dimensional wave propagation theory considering the nonlinear properties of the soil profile. As a result, a reasonable approach of determining input response spectra for specific soil profiles has been proposed to be compatible to the design response spectra of the Code.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.355-361
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• 2008

As agricultural machinery has become larger and tillage practices have changed in recent decades, compaction as a result of wheel traffic and tillage has caused increasing concern. If strategies to manage compaction, such as deep tillage, could be applied only where needed, economic and environmental benefits would result. For such site-specific compaction management to occur, compacted areas within fields must be efficiently sensed and mapped. We previously developed an on-the-go soil strength profile sensor (SSPS) for this purpose. The SSPS measures within-field variability in soil strength at five soil depths up to 50 cm. Determining the variability structure of SSPS data is needed for site-specific field management since the variability structure determines the required intensity of data collection and is related to the delineation of compaction management zones. In this paper, soil bin data were analyzed by a spectral analysis technique to determine the variability structure of the SSPS data, and to investigate causes and implications of this variability. In the soil bin, we observed a repeating pattern due to soil fracture with an approximate 12- to 19-cm period, especially at the 10-cm depth, possibly due to cyclic development of soil fracture on this interval. These findings will facilitate interpretation of soil strength data and enhance application of the SSPS.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 2006

점토경반층 토양에서 수량 변이의 특성을 파악하기 위하여 센서를 통하여 관측된 깊이별 토양경도 및 ECa와 작물의 수량과의 관련성을 분석한 결과, 깊이별 토양의 경도는 점토가 집적된 지표면으로부터 15-30 cm 지점의 점토경반층 (argillic horizon)에서 높게 나타내고 있으며 토양의 깊이가 깊은 지점에서 토양경도의 변이가 작게 나타났다. 1994년부터 2002년까지 콩과 옥수수 수량과 작물생육기의 강우량을 분석한 결과 7-8월의 강우량이 작물의 수량과 매우 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있으며 이 기간의 강우량이 150 mm 이하이면 작물이 수분 부족으로 수량이 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 지표로부터 15-45 cm 지점에서 토양의 경도와 ECa 가 작물의 수량과 매우 유의한 상관을 갖는 것으로 나타났으며 "drought boundary" 인 7-8월의 강우량이 150 mm를 기점으로 각기 반대의 상관을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 측정된 토양의 깊이별 경도 값과 ECa 를 이용하여 수량 추정식을 계산 하였으며 추정식의 검증을 위하여 별도의 독립적인 자료를 이용하여 추정된 수량과 측정된 수량의 표준오차를 비교한 결과 측정된 수량에 대한 표준오차의 비율이 4-16% 로 나타났으며 7-8월의 강우량이 150 mm 이하로 건조한 경우에 표준오차가 같은 시기에 강우량이 150 mm 이상으로 습윤한 경우보다 현저하게 표준오차가 크게 나타났다. 결론적으로 신속하고 경제적으로 이용할 수 있는 센서 측정자료와 작물수량과의 관련성을 분석한 결과, 연구에 이용된 점토경반층 토양에서 센서를 이용하여 측정한 ECa 및 깊이별 토양경도와 작물 수량간에 통계적으로 유의한 상관이 있음을 알 수 있다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 추계 학술발표회 3차
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• pp.31-36
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• 2010

This paper introduces a practical determination method for soil parameters adopted in the new performance based design code for port and harbour facilities in Japan. In the new port-design code, the depth profile of the derived values is modeled as the profile of the estimated values so as to be either the mean value or the regression line, then the correction factors are multiplied to the estimated value according to the coefficient of variation (if COV > 0.1) and the number of the data entries (if n < 10). The new port-design code is applied to the unconfined compression test results for the Hiroshima Port clay in order to evaluate the undrained shear strengths. From the discussion, it is emphasized that not only the statistic treatment but also the engineering judgment are required in the procedure of the soil parameter determination for the reliability design.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

This study was performed to produce basic data for silty reclaimed tidal lands and to develop techniques of environmentally-friendly utilization in agricultural system. We chose the two sites in Saemangeum reclaimed tidal lands, one (Site I) has been treated with cultivating green manure and conducting the desalinization process through submergence since April, 2007 and the other (Site II) has been under natural condition without artificial treatment. In situ and ex situ physic-chemical properties were determined and comparisons were made for soil profiles examined at these two sites in April 2009. Surface soil of Site I had lower EC and higher field saturated hydraulic conductivity than those of Site II, uncultivated land. Especially, exchangeable sodium content was lowest in Site I Ap1 layer than in other layers. This is probably due to flooding desalination and green manure cultivation. Besides, Ap1 and A2 layers of soil profile in Site I showed brighter soil color and more root observation than those of Site II. This is probably due to green manure cultivation. By the large, for high cash upland crops and intensive agricultural use of silty reclaimed tidal land, site-specific soil ripening such as flooding desalination and green manure cultivation could be useful.