• 영어어문교육
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1-31
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• 2009

Although Korean university students' primary concern is academic success in their higher degrees in the UK, they highly desire to develop English communicative competence through a number of opportunities to speak with natives speakers. The paper aims at examining to what extent they are able to be socialised into a new environment while they are studying at UK universities. The in-depth, longitudinal interviews with the targeted group of six Korean masters' students at the University of York was undertaken to observe the pace of their progress in developing social skills. Reluctance and hesitance to contact and interact with their supervisors and other academic staff persisted for most of them to the final term caused by cultural reasons such as face and hierarchy rather than language problems. Despite the six participants' variation in their patterns of social interaction, they struggled with pressures towards monoculture-biased interaction with Korean people, which was quite extreme for the five participants. This passivity can be explained by several reasons such as the students' lack of communicative competence and other situational factors on one-year course. It is important to note that students' failure to develop network with native speakers is strongly associated with experience of cultural withdrawal and frustration with developing communicative competence in English.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.587-596
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• 2008

Facility-based competition (FBC) in the telecommunications market is considered to have lower static efficiency in the short term and higher dynamic efficiency in the long term. Under service-based competition (SBC), the entrant can reduce its setup costs by leasing network facilities from the incumbent, which makes the entrant viable, pushes the market price down and promotes static efficiency. This paper attempts to measure static efficiency by comparing the profits of the incumbent and entrant in terms of consumer surplus and social welfare under each competition type by extending the Stackelberg model. The results, assuming a linear demand function and variation in regulatory level, show that FBC results in higher social welfare than SBC on the whole. However, SBC accompanied by strong regulation is also shown to have the potential to be superior over FBC. It is also revealed that FBC exhibits a higher producer surplus (particularly, the incumbent's producer surplus) and is, therefore, more desirable in terms of dynamic efficiency. When the entrant's cost is high in FBC, social welfare is shown to be lowered, implying that cost competitiveness is a necessary condition for social welfare.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.392-402
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• 2009

Objectives : The aims of this paper were to develop the composite deprivation index (CDI) for the sub-district (Eup-Myen-Dong) levels based on the theory of social exclusion and to explore the relationship between the CDI and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). Methods : The paper calculated the age adjusted SMR and we included five dimensions of social exclusion for CDI; unemployment, poverty, housing, labor and social network. The proxy variables of the five dimensions were the proportion of unemployed males, the percent of recipients receiving National Basic Livelihood Security Act benefits, the proportion of households under the minimum housing standard, the proportion of people with a low social class and the proportion of single-parent household. All the variables were standardized using geometric transformation and then we summed up them for a single index. The paper utilized the 2004-2006 National Death Registry data, the 2003-2006 national residents' registration data, the 2005 Population Census data and the 2005-2006 means-tested benefit recipients' data. Results : The figures were 115.6, 105.8 and 105.1 for the CDI of metropolitan areas (big cities), middle size cities and rural areas, respectively. The distributional variation of the CDI was the highest in metropolitan areas (8.9 - 353.7) and the lowest was in the rural areas (26.8 - 209.7). The extent and relative differences of deprivation increased with urbanization. Compared to the Townsend and Carstairs index, the CDI better represented the characteristics of rural deprivation. The correlation with the SMR was statistically significant and the direction of the CDI effects on the SMR was in accordance with that of the previous studies. Conclusions : The study findings indicated mortality inequalities due to the difference in the CDI. Despite the attempt to improve deprivation measures, further research is warranted for the consensus development of a deprivation index.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.139-145
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• 2021

본 연구는 지역아동센터 생활복지사의 잡 크래프팅이 이용 아동의 만족도에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 실시하였다. 본 연구는 31개 지역아동센터에서 근무하는 생활복지사 31명과 이용 아동 216명의 응답을 활용하여 아동 요인(level 1)과 생활복지사 요인(level 2)을 산정한 다층분석모형을 활용하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이용만족도 전체 변량의 34.3%가 지역아동센터 별 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 아동 요인(level 1)에서는 하루 이용시간이, 생활복지사 요인(level 2)에서는 성별, 나이, 잡 크래프팅이 아동의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 지역아동센터 이용 아동의 만족도 향상 방안에 대해 논의하였다.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제50호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2004

The aim of this paper is to show what are the sociolinguistic variables of word-initial length loss in Seoul dialect. 350 people were inquired to pronounce 40 words. Among the informants, 152 were male, and 198 were female. In terms of their age, 49 were twenties, 70 were thirties, 69 were forties, 71 were fifties, and 91 were above sixties. According to our statistics, 18 words show sociolinguistic variation by age, and sex was not a variable. So we can conclude that Seoul dialect is undergoing length loss by age at least. But we need to enlarge the number of words and informants and we also need to adopt other variables like social level, education etc for better understanding of Seoul dialect.

• 이베로아메리카
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.127-158
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• 2019

In this paper, the variation in coda /ɾ/ is analyzed in the Spanish of the Tupe district in Peru. The work was carried out on the corpus of 24 semi-structured interviews. Four variants of /-ɾ/ were distinguished and 1920 tokens were analyzed. Praat was used to recognize and describe the variants and two statistical analysis were carried out: descriptive analysis and probabilistic analysis using the statistical program Goldvarb X. The results obtained from the analysis show that the assibilated variant is favored in the prepausal position and before homorganic consonants. The frequency of occurrence was very low before other consonants. Regarding the social factor that contributes to the assimilated variant, the young and middle-aged men (from 20 to 60), those who did not live more than a year on the Peruvian coast and male speakers favor it.

• 한국사회정책
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.125-161
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• 2018

본 연구는 비정규직 보호법의 시행이 비정규직의 노동시장 차별 개선에 기여하였는지 실증적으로 규명한 연구이다. 이때 기존 연구와 달리, 임금뿐 아니라 사회보장 혜택을 포괄하여 비정규직에 대한 차별 시정 효과를 살폈다. 이는 사용자의 고용 관련 의사결정에 영향을 미치는 노동비용에 사회보장기여금 부담도 상당한 부분을 차지하기 때문이다. 분석에서는 기업을 분석 단위로 하여 기업 규모별 시행 시기의 차이를 반영한 패널토빗모형을 적용하였다. 분석 결과, 비정규직 보호법이 일부 심각한 사회보장 배제를 경험한 집단에서 차별 개선의 효과를 가졌다. 하지만 이는 제한적인 효과로 전반적으로 비정규직 보호법이 임금과 사회보장에서 차별 해소에 기여했다고 보기는 어렵다. 게다가 비정규직 내부에서도 특히 임금과 사회보장 차별에 취약한 집단들이 존재한다. 이와 같은 비정규직에 대한 임금과 사회보장 차별이 이들의 삶의 질과 직결된다는 점을 감안할 때, 이들에 대한 차별 해소를 위한 적극적인 제도 개선 노력이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 비정규직 보호법의 차별을 정당화하는 이유를 제한하는 것과 함께 차별 금지 영역에 대한 개방적 접근 및 보완적 크레딧 제도의 도입 그리고 비정규직 사용 사유 규제를 적극적으로 검토할 것을 제안한다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.138-150
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• 2012

본 연구는 시공간분석을 이용하여 주요 만성질환인 고혈압, 당뇨병, 관절증과 총의료이용에 있어 지역별 외래의료이용 차이를 살펴보았다. 분석자료는 보건복지부와 한국보건사회연구원에서 발간하는 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008년 환자조사 자료를 이용하였으며 분석방법으로는 베이지안 계층적 시공간모형(bayesian hierarchial spatio-temporal model)을 이용하였다. 이때 지역의 공간적 상관성은 convolution CAR 모형을, 시간적 상관성은 Ornstein-Uhlenbeck 방법을 적용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과 질환별로 의료이용에 있어 지역적 차이가 존재하였다. 총의료 이용의 경우 시 군지역보다 대도시인 구지역에서 높은 상대위험비를 보인반면, 만성질환인 고혈압, 당뇨병, 관절증은 총의료이용과는 달리 강원도, 충청남북도, 전라남북도, 제주도 등 농어촌 지역에서 전국평균보다 높은 의료이용(상대위험비)을 보였다. 특히 고혈압은 부산경남 해안가 지역과 강원, 경기, 경북, 충청남도, 전북 등에서 높은 의료이용을 보였고, 관절증은 경기, 강원 일부와 충북, 충남, 전북, 전남, 경북, 경남지역 등에서, 당뇨병은 경기, 서울, 부산, 전라남북, 충청일부 지역에서 상대적으로 높은 의료이용을 보였다. 본 연구는 기존 연구와는 달리 공간적, 시간적 상관성을 고려함으로써 지역단위 분석시 공간적, 시간적 상관성을 고려하지 않음으로써 발생하는 통계적 오류를 최소화하였다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.22-36
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• 2003

Women customer is one of main target of Family restaurant as known. In addition, they are powerful consumer group now days. According to the social variation, to expand to participation to career opportunity not only unmarried but also married women and increase to single female household make women more expend money and go out to eat. So, this study is examined family restaurant choice attributor of women customer depends on status of marriage, scale of household and age. It will be contributed to Family restaurant industry to segment of their women customer by neo-demographic variables be reflected with social variations.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.624-636
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• 2006

This paper proposes a hybrid approach involving Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging (BF) for tuning the PID controller of an AVR. Recently the social foraging behavior of E. coli bacteria has been used to solve optimization problems. We first illustrate the proposed method using four test functions and the performance of the algorithm is studied with an emphasis on mutation, crossover, variation of step sizes, chemotactic steps, and the life time of the bacteria. Further, the proposed algorithm is used for tuning the PID controller of an AVR. Simulation results are very encouraging and this approach provides us a novel hybrid model based on foraging behavior with a possible new connection between evolutionary forces in social foraging and distributed non-gradient optimization algorithm design for global optimization over noisy surfaces.