• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.248-248
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• 2011

ZnO was grown on a Au-catalyzed Si(100) substrate by using a simple vapor phase transport (VPT) with a mixture of zinc oxide and graphite powders. The ZnO grown at 800$^{\circ}C$ had a soccer ball structure with diameters of <500 nm. The ZnO soccer ball structure was, for the first time, observed in this work. The optical properties of the ZnO soccer balls were investigated by photoluminescence (PL). In the room-temperature (RT) PL of the ZnO soccer balls, a strong near-band-edge emission (NBE) and a weak deep-level emission were observed at 3.25 and 2.47 eV (green emission), respectively. The weak deep-level emission (DLE) at around 2.47 eV (green emission) is caused by impurities and structural defects. The FWHM of the NBE peak from the ZnO soccer balls was 110 meV. In addition, the PL intensity ratio of the NBE to DLE was about 4. The temperature-dependent PL was also carried out to investigate the mechanism governing the quenching behavior of the PL spectra.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.369-377
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between different soccer cleat designs and knee joint moments. Twelve physically active males (mean(SD): age: 26.4(6.2)yrs; height: 176.4(4.1)cm; mass: 74.0 (7.4)kg) were recruited Kinematic and force plate data were collected for all subjects during normal running and a $45^{\circ}$ cutting maneuver, called a v-cut. Both motions were performed at $4.0{\pm}0.2\;m/s$ on infilled artificial turf with three pairs of soccer cleats of different sole plate designs, and one pair of neutral running shoes. Inverse dynamics were used to calculate three dimensional knee joint moments, with repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc paired Student's t-test used to determine significance between shoe conditions. Significant differences were found in the extension moments of the knee for running trials, and for external rotation and adduction moments in the v-cutting trials. Knee moments were greater in v-cut than running, and the traditional soccer cleats (Copa Mondial and World Cup) tended to result in greater knee moments than the Nova runner or TRX soccer cleat. Cleat design was found to influence 3-dimensional knee moments in a v-cut maneuver. In the translational traction test, there were significant differences between all conditions. In the rotational traction test, friction with soccer shoes were greater than friction with running shoes. However, no differences were found between soccer shoes. Higher moments may lead to increased loads and stresses on knee joint structures, and thus, greater injury rates.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.193-205
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• 2003

There has been so many research activities about robot soccer system in the many research fields, for example, intelligent control, communication, computer technology, sensor technology, image processing, mechatronics. Especially researchers research strategy for attacking in the field of strategy, and develop intelligent strategy. Then, soccer robots cannot defense completely and efficiently by using simple defense strategy. Therefore, intention extraction of attacker is needed for efficient defense. In this thesis, intention extractor of soccer robots is designed and developed based on FMMNN(Fuzzy Min-Max Neural networks ). First, intention for soccer robot system is defined, and intention extraction for soccer robot system is explained.. Next, FMMNN based intention extractor for soccer robot system is determined. FMMNN is one of the pattern classification method and have several advantages: on-line adaptation, short training time, soft decision. Therefore, FMMNN is suitable for soccer robot system having dynamic environment. Observer extracts attack intention of opponents by using this intention exactor, and this intention extractor is also used for analyzing strategy of opponent team. The capability of developed intention extractor is verified by simulation of 3 vs. 3 robot succor simulator. It was confirmed that the rates of intention extraction each experiment increase.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the soccer team captain's empowerment on role perception and team cohesion. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, data of 154 students from elementary and middle school soccer teams and soccer clubs in Busan Metropolitan City and Gyeongsangnam-do were collected, and then exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's α coefficient calculation and correlation using SPSS statistic 25.0 The reliability and validity of the relationship analysis and research tools were verified. After that, the results of multiple regression analysis for hypothesis testing are as follows. First, it was found that the empowerment of the captain of the soccer team had a partial positive effect on role perception. Second, it was found that the empowerment of the captain of the soccer team had a partial positive effect on the team cohesion. Third, it was found that the role perception of the captain of the soccer team had a positive effect on the team cohesion. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the team's role and team cohesion through the empowerment of the captain of the soccer team.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.6
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• pp.195-213
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• 2003

This is a case study on the violent collective activities of spectators in professional soccer games. The purpose of this study is to examine the reasons and the processes of the activities. In order to achieve the purpose well, I analyzed two cases of violent collective activities in spectators of professional soccer games that were held on June 24 and July 28 in 2001. The data for this study was collected from 14 kinds of daily newspapers from June 10 to August 20 in 2001 to maintain the objective validity of the outline, the reasons, and the processes of the violent collective activities of spectators in two cases. The data was collected from Korea Integrated News Database System(KINDS) of Korea Press Foundation, and Chollian, on-line service of DACOM, for its efficiency, accuracy and promptness. On the basis of the above-mentioned method as well as the consequences of data analysis, I've reached to a conclusion as follows. The reasons of the violent collective activities of spectators in professional soccer games were the mass effect, the activities of players, umpires and the results of games, etc. The violent collective activities of spectators in professional soccer games need pre-requirements and have relationships with special affairs that are developed in a regular sequence. In other words, a collective activity gives an effect on another one directly or indirectly. Therefore, this study shows that we can reduce or prevent the damages by the violent collective activities of spectators in sport games when we analyze the processes of collective activities and make a previous counter-measure for that.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.879-884
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• 2004

This paper describes the development of a synthetic multi-agent called KMITL Cadence 2003. KMITL Cadence 2003 is a robotic soccer simulation team consisting of eleven autonomous software agents. Each agent operates in a physical soccer simulation model called Robocup Soccer Server which provides fully distributed and real-time multi-agent system environment. All teammates have to cooperate to achieve the common goal of winning the game. The simulation models many aspects of the football field such as noise in ball movements, noisy sensors, unreliable communication channel between teammates and actuators, limited physical abilities and restricted communication. This paper addresses the algorithm to develop the soccer agents to perform basic actions which are scoring, passing ball and blocking the opponents effectively. The result of this development is satisfactory because the successful scoring attempts is increased from 11.1% to 33.3%, successful passing ball attempts is increased from 22.08% to 63.64%, and also, successful intercepting attempts is increased from 88% to 97.73%.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.149-151
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• 2006

This Study has the influence on the viewing determinative factors of pro-soccer sporting events base on viewing satisfaction. To attain the goal of the study described above paragraphs, some viewers of '06 season pro-soccer games held in Daejeon province was set as a collected group. Then, using the stratified cluster random sampling method, finally drew out and analyzed 388 people. The material collection device was the brochure named . To analyze materials, the regression analysis techniques. The conclusion based on above study method and the result of material analysis are here below. The pro-soccer sporting events viewing determinative factors influence on viewing satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.156-161
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• 2009

This paper proposes a new method about performance improvement of soccer robots system by the revision of lens distortion most commonly occurred in camera and the revision of position and angle error in robot patch for the realization of robot position. Among the lens distortions, we revise geometrical distortion and apply it to soccer robots system for realtime environment. Patch used in the recognition and the distinction for coordination and direction of robot occurs a position and angle error according to the figure of it. In this paper, we suggest the method of reduction for position and angle error of robot by improved patch and verify its propriety through the experiment.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.825-832
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• 2004

A small biped robot system is designed and implemented. The robot system consists of a mechanical robot body, a control system, a sensor system, and a user interface system. The robot has 12 dofs for two legs, 6 dofs for two arms, 2 dofs for a neck, so it has total 20 dofs to have dexterous motion capability. The implemented robot has the capability of performing intelligent actions such as playing soccer, resisting external forces, and walking on a slope terrain. In this paper, we focus on the robot's capability of playing soccer. The robot uses a color CCD camera attached on its head as a sensor for playing soccer. To make the robot play soccer with only one camera, an algorithm, which consists of searching, localization, and motion planning, is proposed and experimented. The results show that the robot can play soccer successfully in the given environments.

• International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.236-242
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• 2003

This paper presents a cooperation strategy between a human operator and autonomous robots for an interactive robot soccer game, The interactive robot soccer game has been developed to allow humans to join into the game dynamically and reinforce entertainment characteristics. In order to make these games more interesting, a cooperation strategy between humans and autonomous robots on a team is very important. Strategies can be pre-programmed or learned by robots themselves with learning or evolving algorithms. Since the robot soccer system is hard to model and its environment changes dynamically, it is very difficult to pre-program cooperation strategies between robot agents. Q-learning - one of the most representative reinforcement learning methods - is shown to be effective for solving problems dynamically without explicit knowledge of the system. Therefore, in our research, a Q-learning based learning method has been utilized. Prior to utilizing Q-teaming, state variables describing the game situation and actions' sets of robots have been defined. After the learning process, the human operator could play the game more easily. To evaluate the usefulness of the proposed strategy, some simulations and games have been carried out.