• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of soaking time of seed disinfectant, Fludioxonil on the germination and disease occurrence of adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf). The germination rate was higher in the seed disinfectant treatment for 3 days followed by seed soaking for 3 days than that of other treatments under controlled condition of low temperature. The value of two experiments were 90.8%, 96.7%, repectively. And, the time of seed soaking was longer, the more seed rot was proportionly decreased. In the pot and field experiment, germination rates were somewhat low compared to that of petri dish experiment as 88.3%, 84.3%, and occurence of seedling blight showed similar results that of petri dish experiments. There was not significantly different in the yield components among treatments in the field. However, as compared with untreated plot (194kg/10a), unhulled grain yield was increased about 26% on that treatment. Based on these results, it has been thought that improvement of the germonation rate and decrease of disease occurrence of adlay were accompanied with the seed disinfectant during 3 days followed by seed soaking during 3 days before sowing.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2009

The crops showing hard seed character have high seed viability after seed storage for long period. The low germination rate due to hard seed coat, however, cause a problem of low seedling establishment in field condition. Three legumes used in the experiment, lablab bean (Dolichos lablab L.), asparagus bean (Vigna sesquipedalis L. Fruwirth), and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), showed low germination rate (26, 17, and 5%, respectively) due to thick and hard seed coat. In this study artificial treatment for breaking dormancy was tested in hard seeds. The effect of proper treatment was various depending on species. The germination rate of lablab bean was highly improved up to 94% by soaking into water for 24 hours. In the case of asparagus bean, the rate was increased up to 90% by soaking for eight hours near boiling water until it cools. The germination rate of small hard seed soybean was increase to 96% by soaking into concentrated sulfuric acid for 10 minutes. Ultrastructural change revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) reflects that the structure of micropyle was changed and water uptake was facilitated with all treatments tested in the experiment. Especially, sulfuric acid treatment resulted in the degradation of micropylar tissue. These results demonstrate that the artificial treatment including sulfuric acid and (hot) water soaking treatment for promoting water uptake can be applied to improve seed germination in legume seed with thick and hard seed coat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.567-571
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• 2005

In this study, the effects of varying the amount of water, soaking time at $25^{\circ}C$ and drying time after soaking at $45^{\circ}C$ on the induction of resveratrol were evaluated to optimize the soaking treatment by response surface methodology (RSM). After response surface regression (RSREG), the second-order polynomial equation was fitted to the experimental data. The analysis of variance showed that the model appeared to be adequate $(R^2=0.9547)$ with no significant lack of fit (p>0.1). From statistical analysis, amount of water and soaking time were found to be significant factors. On the other hand, drying time was not significant. Ridge analysis showed that the optimized parameters were $67.15\%$ for amount of water, 19.58 hr for soaking time, 65.56 hr for drying time. It was confirmed that resveratrol content was increased from $0.1\;{\mu}g/g$ to $4.55\;{\mu}g/g$ under the optimized conditions. In addition, the experimental values at the optimized condition agreed with values predicted by ridge analysis. The analytical method validation parameters such as accuracy, precision, and specificity were calculated to ensure the method's validity.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1987

Kyongdan is a kind of Korean rice cake made from glutinous rice powder. This study attempted to clarify the factors which affect the textural characteristics, and to examine the effects on sensory characteristics and texture of Kyongdan in various soaking time, temperature and volume of adding water in the preparation of Kyongdan. Evaluation was conducted through sensory evaluation and objective evaluation. The degree of gelatinization in various storage time and temperature were evaluated by $\beta$-amylase digestibility. The results were summarized as follows. 1. In preparation, the significant factors were the temperature and volume of water, number of kneading, condition of powder, and the relationships between soaking time and temperature of water and between volume and temperature of water and between volume of water and number of kneading and between volume of water and salt. 2. In sensory evaluation on the various soaking time and temperature and volume of water, the most favorite tendency on the overall quality was at the addition level of hot water of 25% with glutinous rice powder made by soaking for 12 hours. This condition corresponded to the low level of hardness, gumminess, chewiness and the high level of springiness and cohesiveness in comparision with Instron measurement. 3. The degree of gelatinization were decreased rapidly during two days of storage. In storage temperature, Kyongdan which was stored at $0^{\circ}C$, showed the most low level of the degree of gelatinization at the same storage time.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.37-46
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• 2016

In order to determine the variability of environmental characteristics of lightweight air-foamed soil using marine clay according to freezing-thawing and soaking conditions, unconfined compressive strength of the lightweight air-foamed soil samples made by changing the amount of cement under curing conditions of outdoor low temperature, underground or indoor wetting were observed. Compressive strength was not increased under freezing-thawing (temperature range of $-9.1^{\circ}C{\sim}17.2^{\circ}C$) regardless of the amount of cement but the more cement using, it was increased rapidly by underground curing conditions within 30 cm beneath ground level. Therefore, it is necessary to install insulation layer cutting off exterior cold air after construction of lightweight air-foamed soil in condition of freezing-thawing. Bulk density was increased too small under the long-time soaking condition, it tended to decrease rapidly when samples were dried up and had below 6% of water contents. But variability of compressive strength and bulk density was very small for preventing drying and keeping its wet state. The lightweight air-foamed soil that installed beneath ground water level or covered by soil can be evaluated as a long-term reliable construction material.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.42-45
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• 2008

Under the non-operating exposure condition in the hot area, the T-50 cockpit temperature is expected over the requirement according to T-50 environmental criteria. So it is necessary to protect the cockpit from the high temperature condition during the non-operating exposure because the high temperature of the cockpit may result in the cockpit equipment malfunction. In this study, the transparency coating is selected as the method for protecting the cockpit from the high temperature exposure and analyzed the effect on the cockpit heat load attenuation. Some kinds of cockpit coating were reviewed and selected and the analysis was performed about the effect before and after coating application under 1% hot day condition based on the T-50 FSD hot soaking test data. The result of analysis show transparency coating is so effective to attenuate the heat load of T-50 cockpit.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.490-497
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• 1991

Kongjaban (a Korean-style seasoned black soybean) prepared under various conditions such as different soaking temperatures and time, cooking rate, and amounts of sugar and soy sauce was investigated with respect to its physical and sensory qualities. Soaking soybeans in water at $20^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ prior to heating decreased the hardness, degree of browning and saltiness of kongjaban, regardless of soaking temperature. As the cooking time after addition of sugar and soy sauce increased, the degree of browning, saltiness and hardness of kongjaban increased markedly. The amount of sugar and soy sauce did not make a distinct difference in its physical properties whereas its hardness increased slightly with increasing sugar amount. According to the sensory evaluation, the color, hardness and saltiness of kongjaban significantly increased with increasing cooking time. Color, hardness and sweetness increased as the amount of sugar increased whereas the amount of soy sauce did not affect the sensory characteristics except for saltiness.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.31 no.6 s.119
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• pp.506-513
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• 2006

The effects of ultrasound stimuli on the germination and sprout growth of brown rice were investigated. Ultrasound was applied to brown rice at the frequencies of 28, 40, and 60 kHz before germination test and it was germinated in three methods (Type I, II and III). Type I was to soak brown rice into water for 60 hours. Type II was to expose brown rice to air for 48 hours after soaking them into water for 12 hours. Type III was a repetitive method of water-soaking and air exposure for 12 hours respectively. The most effective method for the germination was Type III without ultrasound. However, Type I was a best method after ultrasound treatment. As power of ultrasound increased, sprouts grew faster after brown rice were treated in 40%, 70%, and 100% power (0.137, 0.241, and 0.344 $W/cm^2$) at 40 kHz. The good treatments for fast sprout growth of brown rice at each frequency were the 28 kHz-10min group, the 40 kHz-5min group, and the 60 kHz-20min group of Type I. The best effective treatment was the 40 kHz-5min group at 0.344 $W/cm^2$ and at that condition the time required for sprout growth of 2.5 m was 51.9 hours. The ultrasound stimuli was very effective in the beginning of the rice germination, and the germination ratio was more than 95% in all ultrasound treatments.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.225-229
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• 1999

Unstable seedling stand establishment of wet direct seeding culture of rice is one of the major elements preventing the extension of its culture area. In order to develop methods of seedling stand improvement in direct seeded rice on flooded surfaces, three field experiments were conducted on silty loam soil using a cultivar 'Donjinbyeo' for three years, mainly focusing on water management after seeding and seed soaking with plant growth regulators (PGRs). Under the condition of shallow flooding after seeding, seedling stand rate increased and floating seedling rate decreased in both early and normal season seeding compared to deep flooding. With earlier draining time after seeding, there was a tendency towards preferential growth of the seminal root, increase of seedling stand and decrease of the floating seedling rate. Therefore the highest seedling numbers per unit area and the lowest floating seedling numbers were found upon drainage at 1 day after seeding (DAS), while a contrary tendency was shown upon conventional drainage at 7 DAS. Seed soaking with PGRs such as Metalaxyl or mixing of Metalaxyl with gibberellic acid (GA$_3$) significantly increased the seedling stand. In addition the effects of PGR treatment on seedling stand and the early growth of plants were greater under flooded conditions than under drained conditions after seeding, although draining of water after seeding improved the seedling establishment rate more when compared with the PGR treatment. These results suggest that draining management after seeding or maintaining of shallow flooding for a week is the most effective method to improve the seedling stand rate in wet direct seeding.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.6
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• pp.18-27
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• 1966

This treatise was sat up as a basic study of the artificial diets of silk worm, both nursed and wild, by storing the natural leaves in defarmentizing solution and the results obtained were as followings. 1. Defarmentizer C, a kind of defarmentizer, was developed by the author in order to store any natural diet by soaking them in the solution. 2. The defarmentizer was workable for aerophobic bacteriums, but was not effectable for aerophilic bacteriums or fungus. 3. The defarmentized diet could feed silk worm during winter season. 4. The storing method has found the importance of growthness of the diet leaves and the perfect riped leaves were found as the best condition for the purpose. 5. The perfect riped leaves were softened properly during the soaking to be fed for silk worm. 6. The defarmentizing solution has held almost the same pH value of protein isoelectric point so that the protein extraction be ceased during the soaking process. 7. The utilization of defarmentizer has found an economical value. 5. The analytical results of various wild plant leaves were found to be usable as the artificial diet mixture for general silkworm.