• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.521-526
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Although a lot of effort has been put into increasing fruit and vegetable intakes in preschool children, vegetable intake in this group is still low. This study investigated whether nutrition education focusing on fruit and vegetable intakes can affect preschoolers' fruit and vegetable intakes as well as their behavioral outcomes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Thirty-five preschoolers (54.3% boys, n = 19) aged 4-6 years residing in Seoul underwent weekly nutrition education intervention (8 sessions) between May and July 2016. Intakes of fruits and vegetables were measured during pre and post-intervention. At snack time, fresh fruit (150 g) and vegetable (120 g) snacks were distributed to each child by teachers. The remaining portions of the snacks were weighed and recorded for each child. Behavioral outcomes were measured by applying Child behavior checklist 1.5-5 and the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. RESULTS: During post intervention, vegetable intake increased from $36.15{\pm}30.64g$ to $48.01{\pm}31.23g$ (P = 0.010). Among the emotional and behavioral problems measured by parents, levels of total problems (P = 0.001), internalizing (P = 0.004), externalizing (P = 0.003), anxiety and depression (P = 0.001), and aggressive behavior (P = 0.005) decreased. Anxiety (P = 0.026) score, as measured by teachers, also decreased. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition education of preschoolers regarding the intakes of fruits and vegetables had a positive effect on preschoolers' vegetable intake as well as on their emotional and behavioral outcomes. A long-term, large-scale study with a broader study design is warranted to further investigate the role of fruit and vegetable intake in cognitive development and behavior of preschoolers.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.267-274
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• 2016

Increasing sugar intake of population has become a nutritional issue in Korea. Sweet taste perception may be related to behaviors such as eating sweet food including high sugars and total sugar intake. This study aimed to evaluate objective and subjective sweet taste perception and the association among objective sweet taste perception, dietary behaviors related to eating sweet snack food including high sugar, and total sugar intake from the snacks. Participants were 261 healthy female college students (mean age: $21.0{\pm}1.6years$), who were divided into three subgroups based on oral sweet taste evaluation using a sweet taste assessment tool provided by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety: sweet-seeker group (n=139), medium sweet-seeker group (n=54), and unsweet-seeker group (n=68). There was no significant difference in weight and body mass index (BMI) among the three groups; however, the sweet-seeker group had significantly higher sweet taste preference than that of the other groups. Though more people in the sweet-seeker group thought they tended to eat sweet foods than the medium sweet-seeker and unsweet-seeker groups, over half of the sweet-seekers did not think they tended to eat sweet foods. The sweet-seeker group was more likely to eat sweet snacks such as breads, chocolate products, sugar-sweetened milk, and so on than the unsweet-seeker group. Total sugar intake from the selected sweet snacks was 44.4 g for the sweet-seeker group, 34.4 g for the medium sweet-seeker group, and 28.0 g for the unsweet-seeker group with a significant difference. These results indicated the absence of relationship between objective sweet taste perception and the obesity index; however, significant associations were detected among objective sweet taste perception, eating sweet snacks and total sugar intake from the snacks. We also found high disagreement between objective and subjective sweet taste perception of the subjects. The present study provided the novel insight that measuring objective sweet taste perception may be useful for assessing the risk of high sugar consumption and undesirable dietary behaviors.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.537-545
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Dietary sugar intake, particularly added sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages, has received worldwide attention recently. Investigation of dietary behaviors may facilitate understanding of dietary sugar intakes of children and adolescents. However, the relationship between dietary sugar intake and dietary behaviors in the Korean population has not been investigated. Thus, this study aimed to estimate dietary sugar intake and food sources according to sex as well as examine the relationship of dietary sugar intake with frequent snacking and dietary patterns among Korean children and adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We pooled data from five studies involving Korean children and adolescents conducted from 2002 to 2011. A total of 2,599 subjects aged 9-14 years were included in this study. Each subject completed more than 3 days of dietary records. RESULTS: Mean daily total sugar intake was 46.6 g for boys and 54.3 g for girls. Compared with boys, girls showed higher sugar intakes from fruits (7.5 g for boys and 8.8 g for girls; P = 0.0081) and processed foods (27.9 g for boys and 34.9 g for girls; P < 0.0001). On average, 95.4% of boys and 98.8% of girls consumed snacks during the study period, and total sugar intake showed a significantly increasing trend with increasing energy intake from snacks (P < 0.0001 for both sexes). Two dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis: Traditional and Westernized patterns. Total sugar intake was higher in the Westernized pattern (56.2 g for boys and 57.2 g for girls) than in the Traditional pattern (46.5 g for boys and 46.3 g for girls). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that multilateral and practical development of a nutrition education and intervention program that considers dietary behaviors as well as absolute sugar intake is required to prevent excessive sugar intake in Korean children and adolescents.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.100-115
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate the effects of taste preference on dietary behavior and nutrient intake. The subjects were 191 female collegians in the Gyeonggi and Gangwon areas. Data were collected using anthropometric measurements, 24-hour recall, and self-administered questionnaires. The respondents were classified into sub-groups according to taste preference: sweet taste (liked and disliked group), salty taste (liked and disliked group), sour taste (liked and disliked group), hot taste (liked and disliked group), and bitter taste (liked and disliked group). The results of this study are as follows: subjects liked, in order of taste preference, hot>sweet>sour>salty>bitter tastes. There were no significant differences in height, weight, and BMI among the groups. The sweet-taste-liked group, tended to prefer Chinese food and fast foods for eating out over the sweet-taste-disliked group (p<0.05). Subjects in the salty-taste-liked group ate faster (p<0.05) and more than those in the salty-taste-disliked group (p<0.05). They also consumed more animal fat and meat (p<0.05) than their counterparts. Compared with the sour-taste-disliked group, subjects in the sour-taste-liked group tended to select Korean food or Japanese-style food for eating out, and fruits for a snack (p<0.05). The meal size of the hot-taste-liked group tended to be more regular (p<0.05) than that in the hottaste-disliked group. Overall, there were distinct differences in dietary behavior and food choices according to taste preference. Taste preference should be considered for dietary consulting and nutritional education.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.350-362
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• 2021

Objectives: This study investigated an association between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake and the dietary quality of adults in Deagu, Korea. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted in 1,022 adults aged 19 ~ 49 years (502 men and 520 women) in the Deagu area of Korea. Daily intake of SSB was obtained by the food frequency questionnaire, and the dietary quality was assessed using the nutrition quotient (NQ) for Korean adults. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between dietary quality and daily intake of SSB in adults. Results: Daily intake of SSB was 463.6 mL/d for total subjects, and the highest intakes were sweetened coffees (192.7 mL/d), followed by carbonated drinks (77.1 mL/d). Higher intake of SSB was associated with higher intake frequency of fast food or sweet and greasy bread, processed beverage, ramyon, eating out or delivery food and night snack, and also associated with lower frequency of water, breakfast intake and nutrition label checking in men or women. Men and women who had a higher intake SSB had significantly greater odds for being in the low grade of NQ (P for trend = 0.0006 for men, P for trend = 0.0007 for women), especially in the moderation factor (P for trend < 0.0001 for men and women). Conclusions: This study showed that high SSB intake was significantly associated with low dietary quality among adults. These study results suggest that nutrition education programs and guidelines should be provided to adults for improving their consumption of SSB and related diets.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2002

There are many concerns about the smoking among adolescents. Smoking status, smoking habit and dietary habit of high school students were studied using anonymous questionnaires. One hundred fifteen of 380 students(30.3%) have experienced smoking and 58.3% of them initiated it in the middle school, mostly because of the curiosity. The most plausible reasons for smoking were for stress reduction and feel bored. The students who smoked cigarettes were not likely to eat properly and their dietary habits were generally inadequate. The smoking group had less consideration of food balance, more skipping breakfast, more irregular meal time, less snack, and less frequent intake of vegetables. Also one-day dietary records obtained from 24hr recall showed less diverse food intake in smoking students. Considering the risk of poor eating behavior in smoking, nutritional care should be taken to emphasize as well as the smoking prevention and health programs, and more attention needs to be given to the relationship between smoking and the attitude and the behavior of smoking students toward their health, including proper eating habits. Since the results revealed that the majority of smoking students had previously attempted or thought about quitting to smoke, proper support programs that are more comprehensive and not temporal need to be developed.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.97-110
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the ity, food habits and eating behavior of the college students. The responses of 1,112 students(male 468, female 644) to the questionnaire were analyzed. The results were summarized as follows: The means of height, weight were $174.1{\pm}5.1cm$, $66.0{\pm}8.1kg$ for males, respectively and were $164.3{\pm}6.0cm$, $50.7{\pm}5.3kg$ for female, respectively. The means of relative body weight(RBW) were $99.1{\pm}11.6$ for males and $91.2{\pm}10.3$ for females. Body mass index(BMI) were $21.8{\pm}2.5$ for males and $19.3{\pm}2.0$ for females. The rate of underweight, normal and obese on the basis of BMI was 19.9%, 71.5%, 8.6% for males, respectively and 68.4%, 30.4%, 1.3% for females respectively. Among underweight subjects, 59.3% answered that they had normal weight. 37.5% of normal weight subjects regarded themselves more obese or less obese than their actual body shape. Food habit score(out of a possible 50 points) was 29.4 in male and 29.3 in female, the score of self boarding students was the lowest among groups. Self boarding students had lower scores than the home-living students on the regularity of meals, eating time, protein intake, vegetable intake, lipid intake and food balance. The average meal frequency of the students was 2.46 times a day. Breakfast was skipped most frequently. Self-boarding students missed breakfast more often than other groups. The main reason of skipping breakfast was due to lack of time. The type of favorite snack was cookies and ramyun and in terms of snack time, most of the students had snack between lunch and dinner or after dinner. The rates of smoking and alcohol drinking were 29.8%, 76.7%, respectively and 25% of subjects exercised regularly. The results of this study suggest that a comprehensive nutrition education program is needed for college student to improve their eating habits about skipping meal and to maintain their health.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2006

To analyze the dietary behavior and food preference of Korean youth, we surveyed 140 elementary school 6th grade students and 154 high school first grade students in Youngnam Provinces. The average height and weight for the elementary school students were 153cm and 45.3kg for boys and 153.4cm and 44.6kg for girls. The body types depending on the body mass index(BMI) were 45.7% for under-weight, 47.1% for standard, 3.6% for overweight and 3.6% for obesity. The average height and weight for the high school students were 172.5cm and 64.5kg for boys and 160.1cm and 51.7kg for girls. The body types depending on the BMI were 11.0% for under-weight, 70.8% for standard, 13.0% for overweight and 5.2% for obesity. In their food preference, they preferred one-dish food to main dishes and rice with cereals was more popular among high school students. There were higher standard scores in fruit, snack, fried, and Kimchi dishes and high school students showed a high preference especially for snack and fried foods. The Kimchi dishes were more popular among elementary school students and they showed high scores in those dishes regardless of how they were cooked. There was the lowest preference for Korean vegetable salad and the highest for food cooked with meat In conclusion, a difference was found in the food preference of elementary school and high school students and the nutrient intake of elementary school students was lower than that of high school students. Therefore, elementary schools should provide proper nutritional education for students.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.127-134
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• 1998

A survey was carried out to investigate into high school girls' food intake pattern and their behavior for weight control. The average height and weight of the subjects were 161cm and 52.9kg, while 53.3% of them usually had breakfast which 83.7% of them had steamed rice and dishes,64.7% of residue (46.7%) them often skipped breakfast because they didn't have to eat. Most of them had lunch which prepared from home at lunch time (75.7%), they cheesed foods at first by taste(71.9%), but they almost didn't consider the nutritional aspects, also they had very small amount of fruits and vegetables. They had snack more than once a day(93.4%), As snack, they used mainly cookies(39%), Ramyun and Ddukbocki(31.5%),and breads(17.6%). Meal time was shown to be short such as 10 or 20 minutes(40.7%), dinner was thought to be the most important meal(66.9%) In spite of their weight was standard(56.68%), they thought their style as fatty(48.1%) and they wanted to reduce weight(90.4%). 90.3% of all subjects were interested in weight control and students with standard sizes(52.7%) and/or/(p<0.05) lean weights(27 1%) had concerning about weight control significantly. The motive of attempt to weight control was shown to be effected by mass communication(49.1%) mainly, When they tried to lose their weight, 66.7% of them depended on their own judgement, while only 1.1% asked for the advice of a doctor. The most effective way to control weight was thought to increase the amount of exercise(52.7%) and to control the amount of food (32.2%).

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.289-301
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate the food habits and the dietary intake of female college students at day and night class in the Kyunggido area. The questionnaires were collected from 294 students(151 day class and 143 night class students) out of 350 in total. The results are as follows: Breakfast for day class students and breakfast and dinner of night class students were skipped more than 3 times a week. The main reason was short of time. In the behavior of food intake, the frequency of yellow-green vegetables, milk and seaweeds intake was low in all respondents. 18.4% of night class students ate out 3 times a day. In the kind of menu for eating out, Korean food was the most frequent. snack food the second, and fast food came last. 23.9% of students ate something 2 or 3 times a day between meals. The main reason for eating between meals was the desire to eat for day class students, and hunger for the night time students. Consumption of coffee was 0.76 cup a day Daily mean of calory intake was 1.394 kcal and the ratio of carbohydrate. protein lipid was 61:14:25. The intakes of iron and niacin of the day class students were higher than those of night class students. There was no significant difference in intake of other nutrients between day and night class students. Intake of calcium and iron did not reach 50% of Korean RDA.