• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.79-88
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• 2013

Objectives : This study investigated the relationship between smoking and health factors including stress resistance, stress index, fatigue and vaso-aging degree. Methods : The subjects were 19,953 persons who had received health examination by Korean Medicine and submitted questionnaires about smoking history, for 8 months from March to November in 2011. The stress index and resistance, fatigue were measured by HRV(Heart Rate Variability). The vaso-aging degree were measured by APG(Accelerated Photoplethysmograph). Results : Regarding the relationship between smoking and stress index and resistance, fatigue and vaso-aging degree were significant differences(p<0.05). Conclusions : This study suggests that smoking affects health factors including stress, fatigue and avaso-aging degree.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1125-1130
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• 2012

Objective: The objective of present study is to investigate the determinants of smoking behaviour among adults in Malaysia. Method: Findings of the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS-3) by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, were used. The sample consisted of 34,539 observations. A logistic regression model was thus applied to estimate the probability to participate in smoking. Results: Age, income, gender, marital status, ethnicity, employment status, residential area, education, lifestyle and health status were statistically significant in affecting the likelihood of smoking. Specifically, youngsters, low income earners, males, unmarried individuals, Malays, employed individuals, rural residents and primary educated individuals were more likely to smoke. Conclusion: In conclusion, socio-demographic, lifestyle and health factors have significant impacts on smoking participation in Malaysia. Based on these empirical findings, several policy implications are suggested.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the levels of stress, self-efficacy for smoking cessation, smoking temptation, and nicotine dependency, and to identify factors influencing nicotine dependency among male college students who smoke. Methods: In this study, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted for 283 male college students who smoke in D city, Korea. Data was analyzed for descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: The mean score of stress was $27.00{\pm}6.28$, self-efficacy for smoking cessation was $25.61{\pm}6.71$, smoking temptation was $53.87{\pm}11.02$, and nicotine dependency was $3.63{\pm}1.96$. There was a significant positive correlation between stress and nicotine dependency (r=.58, p<.001) and between smoking temptation and nicotine dependency (r=.59, p<.001). There was a significant negative correlation between self-efficacy for smoking cessation and nicotine dependency (r=-.59, p<.001). The significant factors influencing nicotine dependency were stress (${\beta}=.357$, p<.001), self-efficacy for smoking cessation (${\beta}=.359$, p<.001), and smoking temptation (${\beta}=.297$, p<.001). This model explained 60.3% of variance in nicotine dependency (F=105.59, p<.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that an intervention program is needed to reduce the perception of stress and smoking temptation, and to increase the ability of self-efficacy for smoking cessation among male college students who smoke with the intention to quit smoking.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 2016

Purpose: This study is to analyze influencing factors of smoking intention among nonsmoking middle school students with regard to smoking attitude, knowledge and social influence. Methods: Data were collected from non smoking students of 5 middle schools in D metropolitan city. The 1,892 enrolled subjects provided informed voluntary consent prior to completing a structural questionnaire covering smoking attitudes, knowledge, social influences and general characteristics. The data were analysed using SPSS/Win 21.0 program by -test and logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the nonsmoking students, 85.5% never had an intention to smoke. In relation to general characteristics, smoking intention was significantly associated with sex, school records, socioeconomic status, relationship with parents, smoking experience, and smokers around them. In relation to attitude, knowledge, and social influence, smoking intention was significantly associated with a lower attitude score, a lower knowledge score, and a lower social norm. In the logistic regression analysis, smoking intention was associated with a lower attitude score (2.99 times), a lower social norm (2.65 times), being male (2.35 times), low socioeconomic status (2.22 times). and having smoking experience (2.70 times). Conclusion: It is needed to develop promotional strategies that could provide adjusted systematic smoking prevention education for the preferred smoking group and afford smoking prevention programs considering subject characteristics to help young adolescents avoid access to smoking in their early age.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.621-630
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the smoking status and related factors among adolescents in Korea. Methods: We used data from the 5-7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The distribution of smokers and smoking status according to general characteristics was analyzed using complex chi-square tests. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between smoking experience and general characteristics by calculating the 95% confidence intervals. Results: There were 618 subjects who had experience smoking one or two puffs, the starting age of one or two puffs on smoking was 14.37 years old, the number of smoking days per month was 12.42 days, and the amount of smoking per day in a month was 7.59. Gender, residential area, income level, drinking experience, subjective health status, perceived stress level, continuous depression for more than 2 weeks, suicidal thoughts within a year, and age were significantly related to smoking experience. Conclusions: It is necessary to understand the smoking behavior of adolescents. It is important to lower the smoking rate among adolescents through the development and operation of systematic smoking prevention and smoking cessation policies at the national level, as well as the efforts of youth themselves to quit smoking.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.2109-2116
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• 2015

This study aimed to identify the influencing factors on nicotine dependency of middle school smokers and to provide the basic data for the effective smoking cessation program. Data were collected from May 3 to July 26 in 2013 by self-reported questionnaires. The subjects of this study were 202 middle school smokers in D city. For data analysis, SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 was used to calculate Percentage, mean, Standard deviation, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Path analysis. The results showed that smoking reinforced factors, social environment factors, self-efficacy and impulsivity were significantly influenced on the nicotine dependency directly and indirectly. Therefore, it is necessary to include intervention of smoking reinforced factors, social environment factors, self-efficacy and impulsivity to develop smoking cessation program for smoking in middle school students.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2021

The study was conducted to identify the relationship between the e-cigarette smoking rate and demographic factors, health status and health behavior factors within the last one month of adults over 19 years of age, and to provide basic data for cessation education and health policy establishment to reduce the e-cigarette smoking rate. This is a secondary data analysis study using survey data of 22,908 people over the age of 19 who participated in the 2018 Community Health Survey in Seoul and the SAS program was used for analysis. Smoking rate of e-cigarettes within the last one month was 4.5%, and as a result of multivariate logistic regression analysis, factors related to e-cigarette smoking were sex, age, education level, occupation and general cigarette smoking status. In order to prevent e-cigarette smoking and reduce the smoking rate, education should first be given to professionals with educational backgrounds of college graduates or higher to inform the dangers of e-cigarettes. In addition, public relations and campaigns to inform the general public that e-cigarette smoking is no different from general cigarette smoking are required, and deployment of the same anti-smoking policy that treats e-cigarettes as general cigarettes is required.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2019

Smoking has become one of the public health harzard affecting the world. In the UK, smoking is responsible for around one in five deaths. The illnesses caused by smoking extend beyond the well-reported links with cancer, heart disease and respiratory illnesses. Hence the research to determine the awareness of the predisposing factor to smoking among adults in sokoto metropolis. A cross-sectional form of descriptive survey research design was used for this study. This is because descriptive studies are used when the characteristics of a population are either unknown or partially known (Hennekens & Buring, 2007), and it was used by Ganley and Rosario (2013) in a related research this justified the use of similar design in a study of similar nature.Two hundred and seventy returned questionnaire was collected, analyzed using descriptive statistic of frequency count, normative percentage and grand mean; as well as inferential statistics of chi-square (${\chi}^2$). The level of significant was fixed at 0.05. Appropriate degrees of freedom were worked out. There was statistical significant influence or relationship with marital status on the predisposing factors of smoking chi-square of 19716.516 greater than the critical value 43.77297at df 30 p<0.05. There were statistical significance chi-square =27468.348 which is greater than the critical value 43.77297 at df= 30. These show that there is a relationship on gender awareness of predisposing factors to smoking rejecting the null hypotheses. The respondents across different lever/year higher institution shows that the awareness of predisposing factors of smoking there were a statistical significance difference chi-square =7168.429 (df=88) greater than critical value 102.342 rejecting the null hypotheses. There is consistent evidence that links exposure to depictions of smoking in movies and initiation of smoking in young people. Over the years television shows and films have effectively built up associations between smoking and glamour, sex and risk-taking. Social learning theory describes how we learn by example from others. We are strongly influenced by our parents, and other people we look up to, such as peers, actors and pop stars. This can lead us to emulate their behaviour and try smoking.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.463-475
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• 2001

The purpose of the study was to examine if individual characteristics and experiences related to smoking behavior identified from the literature were significantly associated with behavior-specific cognitions and affect in the same way as presented in Pender's Revised Health Promotion Model(Pender, 1996). The subjects selected for this study were 400 college students enrolled in more than 10 colleges located in Seoul and Kyunggi-Inchon province. According to the study results, personal factors (i.e., perceived health status, the past history of disease, and symptoms related to smoking) and related behavior (i.e., the degree of alcohol consumption, and exercise) are significantly associated with behavior-specific cognitions and affect (i.e., perceived barriers to smoking cessation, perceived self-efficacy, and perceived benefits of smoking cessation). The canonical correlation between two groups of variables was .59, and it turned out to be statistically significant. Thirty-four percent of variance of the relationship between two group of variables was explained by two canonical variates which turned out to be significant in the study results. The result could be interpreted from the view of psycho-social area as follows: overall, this study includes important variables which explain the association between two groups of variables.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2016

Objectives: It has been well documented that people on the lower socioeconomic position are significantly more likely to smoke cigarettes. The purposes of this study were (a) to identify a potential difference of socioeconomic factors, and (b) to compare a smoking rate, one of the most representative health behavior between people with/without disabilities after the controlling socioeconomic factors. Methods: The Korea Panel Survey of Employment for People of Disabilities (2012) and the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (2012) were employed for calculating the smoking rates of persons with/without disabilities. Results: The results demonstrated that the socioeconomic position indicators (education, occupation and household equivalent income) of persons with disabilities were lower than persons without disabilities. The smoking rates of the persons with/without disabilities were 35.9% and 19.0% respectively before propensity score matching. After propensity score matching with the socioeconomic factors, however, ATT of people with disabilities was 0.201 which is lower than ATT of people without disabilities (0.227). Conclusions: Our findings indicated that the socioeconomic level of persons with disabilities is important to improve the smoking rates and health level regardless of their disabilities.