• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-54
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• 2006

In case of leaving artificial slopes resulting from large-scale constructions, there may be secondary damage caused by soil loss due to erosion and collapse. Furthermore, slope-restoring constructions have a few problems such as monotonous landscape and difficult succession of secondary vegetation due to reckless use of exotic grass, despite attaining the initial purpose of revegetation. To settle this problem, selected plants deemed to be proper for revegetation were used on one of thin vegetation base methods, CODRA SYSTEM, and made seeding mixture experimental plots considering germination rates differing in each season. Native herbs, native shrubs and exotic herbs contents were increased by 30% and 50% respectively, centered on seeding quantity(30g/$m^2$) used as design standard in the seed spray method, in order to figure out proper quantity for revegetation in each season.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.74-87
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• 2001

When the revegetation of the slopes is required, it is more desirable to consider it from the ecological view point rather than from the disaster-preventive one because the environment is critical for the introduction of pioneer plants to the denuded slopes. The ecological point of view adheres to the maintenance of the present, original ecosystem of the construction area. The new revegetation technology is presented using native microorganisms and its effective usuage was discussed based on the data in the research field. Direct seeding is recommended and explained in detail than planting seedlings. The importance of inclination angle of slope face is shown for the successful revegetation from its relationship with the thickness of soil. It is indicated that the introduction of pilot plants to the slopes should include their ability to ease the acid rain effects as much as possible. Finally every construction may not be desirable for the maintenance and improvement of the global ecosystem without the consideration of the opinions mentioned above.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.39-49
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• 2015

This study was to evaluate the growth and spatial distribution characteristics of Rhus javanica population. The study was conducted between 2015 January and July at the cut-slope revegetation site in Dae-Ji Mountain. Seeds of native species were sowed on the disturbed cut-slope in 2002. There were 119 vascular plant species 55 families and 94 genera on the cut-slope. Compositae, Rosaceae, and Leguminosae plants were dominant species, which are pioneer species in dry and barren site. Canopy of trees covered 44.1% total area, which was 8.3% increase from 2008. Rhus javanica, main species, dominated all DBH classes except DBH >24cm. Albizzia julibrissin showed high frequency in the 6~17cm DBH class and Salix koreensis was abundant at >12cm. Elaeagnus umbellata, Corylus heterophylla var. heterophylla, Alnus sibirica, and Acer pictum were not observed. Rhus javanica population was the most frequently observed on the south facing cut-slope. The average DBH of Rhus javanica was $7.3({\pm}3.7)cm$ and the average height of them was $5.2({\pm}1.7)m$. Annual average DBH growth was 7.9mm/yr and the maximum growth(12.0mm/yr) was the $3^{rd}$ year. It decreased after $6^{th}$ years. Although Rhus javanica population in the Dae-Ji Mountain was a seed originated plantation, the forest had reverse J shape diameter frequency distribution. It indicated that the forest is uneven-aged forest. The Rhus javanica population was expected to sustain.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.64-73
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• 1999

This study was conducted to find out the effects of hydroseeding material and seed mixture on the revegetation of rock cut-slopes by PEC4 (Polymer-Ecology-Control) Hydroseeding Measures. PEC4 hydroseeding material was applied to four cut-slopes using hydroseeding measures from April to August, 1999, and the field survey was carried out by monthly. PEC4 material consisted of bark compost and organic soil amendments. This material has high content of organic matter and high level of water holding capacity. PEC4 hydroseeding material shows low level of soil hardness, so it gives to good condition for seed germinating and plant growing in early stage. PEC4 material attached at rock cut-slopes by two types of adhesive agent was not eroded by rainfall. The plant coverage and number of plant species were affected by mixing ratio of seeds and seeding timing. From the viewpoint of plant establishment, the optimal hydroseeding timing of mixed seeds for plant growth seems to be in May. Most of the plant seeds were germinated well and they covered rock cut-slopes so quickly and effectively. Plant importance value of Silene armeria and Platycodon grandiflorum. were higher than any other seeded-native species in the competition between native species and exotic species, so they have enough possibility to be used for slope revegetation works. Thus it leads to conclusion that the revegetation method used in this experiment was a very effective method for plant establishment on rock cut-slopes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.81-89
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of early revegetation by analyzing the characteristics of germination and growth of Chrysanthemum zawadskii using vegetation-plant in rock slopes. After making up a growing basis of approximately 20-cm depth and 10-cm diameter by using a boring machine, the surface of rock slopes was planted with vegetation-plant. The number of germinating populations by soil media was 41 in H.s, 4 in T.s, 3 in M.s, and 0 in M.g.s. The germination rate (%) by soil media was 20.0% in H.s, 3.3% in T.s, 2.5% in M.s and 0% in M.g.s. In monthly changes of growth rate, the aspect was northwest direction, the soil media was H.s, and the treatment was microorganism plot. The main factors affecting survivorship and growth of population were soil media and treatment plot. The interaction between each factor had a good effects in bearing x treatment plot, soil media x treatment plot. but, it is recommended that the mulching of vegetation plant is highly needed to help the germination of seed and growth of vegetation because of loss of seed and soil media occurred due to rainfall. Therefore, The result suggests that the revegetation technique using boring in rock slope was very efficient in respect of the early revegetation and the landscape.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2006

The objective of this study is to offer a basic information to select the plant species for environmentally friendly forest road by quantifying the pull-out strength by 18 species used for a revegetation of forest road slope. In the investigation of the root depth growth during 17 months, Indigobush amorpha showed maximum depth of 34.0 cm and perennial ryegrass showed minimum depth of 17.7 cm among all species. The pull-out strength by herb species was $0.054ton/m^2/plant$ for exotic species, $0.085ton/m^2/plant$ for indigenous species, and by shrub species was $0.049ton/m^2/plant$. There were no large difference among herb species in pull-out strength, but shrub species were approximately 9 times stronger than herb species. Thus, for maximizing tightening effect and use of inner soil space. The mixed seeding using herb for erosion control and shrub for shallow failure protection would make up optimal revegetation of forest road slope.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• autumn
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• pp.35-38
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• 2004

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 1999

The direct seeding of seeds or the pellets of three native tree species (Pinus densiflora, Parthenocissus tricuspidata and Rhus chinensis) was tried on the rock cut-slope revegetation bed established by construction of mechanical excavation or erosion break with artificially enriched soil medium. The seed $pellet(1{\sim}2\;cubic\;cm)$ made by coating seeds(treated with proper previous pregermination treatments) with the mixture of peatmoss, clay, chemical absorbant(3.5:1.0:0.2, v/v) showed about twice better percent germination than the control seeds. The percent germination and the survival rate of the germinated seedlings were higher in the spring direct seeding than the summer or the fall. The soil medium containing the compost showed extremely low percent $germination(0{\sim}3%)$ which presumably attributed to the compost inducing damping-off disease. The survival rates were affected mainly by shading of natural herbaceous vegetation invading from outside to the revegetation bed. The planting of two year old container seedlings of P. densiflora and P. tricuspidata on August 2, 1998 was successful indicating that it could be an alternative revegetation method in case the summer direct seeding is unfavorable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2007

A variety of revegetation methods are being utilized and developed. However, most of revegetation methods used on highway slopes in Korea are based on foreign-introduced plant varieties to stabilize road surfaces and to administer afforestation for surface covering at an earlier phase. Therefore. it results in various problems. such as failure to achieve harmony with the surrounding vegetation and 10 cause re-denudation of slopes as the foreign-in introduced plant varieties wane out from 2~3 years after hydro-seeding, etc. In addition, some of the revegetation plants seeded in the earlier phase grow excessively high, thus causes successional problems, such as to inhibit the invasion of the secondary vegetation from the surrounding areas, etc. Therefore, in this study, 160 slopes located in the nationwide express highways have been investigated and analyzed in order to produce basic data for restoration of ecological environment in slopes created on a long-term basis by investigating and analyzing locational characteristics of cut and filled slopes in express highways, status of revegetation methods, characteristics of soil and plant-ecological environment. 1. Investigation on cut and embanked slopes in express highways was carried out in the total of 160 locations, which include 108 cut slopes and 52 embanked slopes. As a whole, the most frequently used revegetation method was seed spray, which was found to be used in the total of 55 target slops investigated. 2. Planting method of Wistaria floribunda applied to some of the blasted rock zones was found to cause damages as Wistaria floribunda trailed up the surrounding vegetation and the secondary invaded trees. In order to prevent this, this method must be used only in the lowest parts of large-sized slopes. Also, it will be required to administer continuous management and maintenance in the areas already planted with this plants. 3. The areas of blasted rock and ripping rock slopes were applied with coir net (net + seeding) method. However, many of these areas failed in achieving ground covering. Most areas where revegetation was in progress, they were covered with Eragrostis curvula(Weeping lovegrass) only. In areas with soil, such as decomposition of granite, where afforestation is difficult. In this slopes, soil base must be improved by hrdroseeding with thin-layer vegetation base application methods in order to achieve success in afforestation with native plants. 4. Woody species, rather than herb species, are more helpful in stabilization of slope surfaces. Therefore, it is important to be able to grow and protect woody species on highway slopes. Growth of woody vegetation is most largely influenced by soil depth. Thus, when hydro-seeding woody plants, it is recommended to apply at the upper layer of the slopes, which is capable to sufficiently provide the fundamentals required in plant growth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2014

This text was analyzed and investigated the morphological character, production time and germination characteristic of seed that collect in Chungnam, in order to offer the basic informations for slope restoration and revegetation using Indigofera amblyantha of wild shrub. Legume was cylindrical type and length 31.5mm, width 2.5mm, and seed number of per legume was full ripe 5.5, unripe 0.9. Seed was elliptical type and length 2.4mm, width 1.7mm, and weight of 1,000 seeds was 5.9g. Because seed matured within December and next year January, optimum time of seed production was in mid of January. In the treatment $H_2SO_4$ of 15 minutes, seed germination rate was the highest as 91.0%, and seed germination time (days) was the shortest as 6.7 days. Seed germination time by temperature was the shortest from $25^{\circ}C$. Therefore, seed germination of Indigofera amblyantha was very useful in the treatment $H_2SO_4$ of 15 minutes from $25^{\circ}C$ temperature.