• Title/Summary/Keyword: slope of river bank

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A Suggestion of Formulae to Calculate Sectional Tractive Force on the Slope of Cohesive River Bank and its Application (점착성 제방사면의 구간별 소류력 산정식 제안 및 적용)

  • Han, Man-Shin;Choi, Gye-Woon
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.45 no.6
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    • pp.583-596
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    • 2012
  • The revetment is a installed structure on the slope of river bank to protect against flowing. Through the design standards of domestic and overseas, the maximum tractive force is calculated and applied to the average concept on the slope of river bank. In the case of calculating the method of permissible tractive force on the slope of river bank, there is a need to consider soil sliding. In this study, suggested the tractive force formulae by section of adhesion that have 0 < ${\Phi}$ < $90^{\circ}$ slope of river bank and installed an open channel of length of 20 m and 2 m wide for calculating permissible tractive force and hydraulic model experimented with changing discharge. According to the results, the calculated permissible tractive force of section on the slope is the largest due to the significant effects of surface roughness of different revetment materials. In addition, the permissible tractive force increased in the presence of vegetation but has no the effect by vegetation density.

Landslide Analysis of River Bank Affected by Water Level Fluctuation I (저수위 변동에 영향을 받는 강기슭의 산사태 해석 I)

  • Kim, You-Seong;Wang, Yu-Mei
    • Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.77-85
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    • 2010
  • The change of water level in reservoirs is an important factor causing failure of bank slopes, i.e. landslide. The water level of Three Gorges reservoir in China fluctuate between 145 m and 175 m, as a matter of flood control. During its normal operational state, the rate of water level fluctuation is supposed to range from 0.67 m/d to 3.0 m/d. Majiagou slope is located on the left bank of Zhaxi River, 2.1 km up from the outlet. Zhaxi River is a tributary of the Yangtze River within the Three Gorges area, of which the water level changes with the reservoir. At the back of Majiagou slope, a 20 m long and 3~10 cm wide fissure developed just after the reservoir water level rose from 95 m to 135 m in 2003. This big fissure was a full suggestion of potential failure of this slope. In this study, unsaturated-saturated seepage analyses were carried out to simulate the change of pore-water pressures in the bank slope subjected to the reservoir water level change. The obtained pore-water pressures were then used to evaluate the change in factor of safety (FS) with reservoir water level. It was found that the phreatic line showed a delayed response with respect to the change of the reservoir water level, because the seepage through soil layer was generally slower than water flows itself. During the rising and drawdown process, the phreatic lines take the shapes of concave and convex, respectively. And the fluctuation of reservoir water level just affected the front part of the bank slope, but had little influence on the back of the slope.

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A Study for Characteristics of Geofiber Reinforced Soil System Practiced on Stone Gabion Bank of River (하천 돌망태 호안에 적용된 토목섬유보강토공법의 녹화 특성)

  • Jeong, Dae-Young;Kim, Jae-Hwan;Shim, Sang-Ryul
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.11 no.6
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    • pp.81-90
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    • 2008
  • Recently, geofiber(polyester) reinforced soil was added on soil-seed mixture spray to control erosion and to improve vegetation growth on rocky slope sites. This research was conducted to compare vegetation effects and soil hardness on three types of soil-seed mixture spray on stone gabion river bank [A type : soil-seed mixture spray underlying 30cm thick sand with geofiber(geofiber reinforced soil system), B type : soil-seed mixture spray underlying 30cm thick sand without geofiber, C type : soil-seed mixture spray]. Evaluation were made concerning vegetation coverage, soil hardness and moisture content. The results of this study showed that A type system was effective for the growth of vegetation and soil hardness when compareed to B type and C type. A type and B type showed higher covering rate than C type on stone gabion river bank, and especially A type showed the highest covering rate. Soil hardness and water content were high on A type vegetation system compared to B type and C type. We noted that high soil hardness and high moisture content with geofiber(geofiber reinforced soil system) were effective both to control erosion from water current impact and to be high coverage and species of vegetation on stone gabion river bank.

Potential of River Bottom and Bank Erosion for River Restoration after Dam Slit in the Mountain Stream

  • Kang, Ji-Hyun;So, Kazama
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.46-46
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    • 2011
  • Severe sediment erosion during floods occur disaster and economic losses, but general sediment erosion is basic mechanism to move sediment from upstream to downstream river. In addition, it is important process to change river form. Check dam, which is constructed in mountain stream, play a vital role such as control of sudden debris flow, but it has negative aspects to river ecosystem. Now a day, check dam of open type is an alternative plan to recover river biological diversity and ecosystem through sediment transport while maintaining the function of disaster control. The purpose of this paper is to verify sediment erosion progress of river bottom and bank as first step for river restoration after dam slit by cross-sectional shear stress and critical shear stress. Study area is upstream reach of slit check dam in mountain stream, named Wasada, in Japan. The check dam was slit with two passages in August, 2010. The transects were surveyed for four upstream cross-sections, 7.4 m, 34 m, 86 m, and 150 m distance from dam in October 2010. Sediment size was surveyed at river bottom and bank. Sediment of cobble size was found at the wetted bottom, and small size particles of sand to medium gravel composed river bank. Discharge was $2.5\;m^3/s$ and bottom slope was 0.027 m/m. Excess shear stress (${\tau}_{ex}$) was calculated for hydraulic erosion by subtracting the values of critical shear stress (${\tau}_{c}$) from the value of shear stress (${\tau}$) at river bottom and bank (${\tau}_{ex}=\tau-{\tau}_c$). Shear stress of river bottom (${\tau}_{bottom}$) was calculated using the cross-sectional shear stress, and bank shear stress (${\tau}_{bank}$) was calculated from the method of Flintham and Carling (1988). $${\tau}_{bank}={\tau}^*SF_{bank}((B+P_{bed})/(2^*P_{bank}))$$ where $SF_{bank}=1.77(P_{bed}/p_{bank}+1.5)^{-1.4}$, B is the water surface width, $P_{bed}$ and $P_{bank}$ are wetted parameter of the bed and bank. Estimated values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ for a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$ were lower as 25.0 (7.5 m cross-section), 25.7 (34 m), 21.3 (86 m) and 19.8 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, than critical shear stress (${\tau}_c=62.1\;N/m^2$) with cobble of 64 mm. The values were insufficient to erode cobble sediment. In contrast, even if the values of ${\tau}_{bank}$ were lower than the values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ as 18.7 (7.5 m), 19.3 (34 m), 16.1 (86 m) and 14.7 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, excess shear stresses were calculated at the three cross-sections of 7.5 m, 34 m, and 86 m distances compare with ${\tau}_c$ is 15.5 N/$m^2$ of 16mm gravel. Bank shear stresses were sufficient for erosion of the medium gravel to sand. Therefore there is potential to erode lateral bank than downward erosion in a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$. Undercutting of the wetted bank can causes bank scour or collapse, therefore this channel has potential to become wider at the same time. This research is about a potential of sediment erosion, and the result could not verify with real data. Therefore it need next step for verification. In addition an erosion mechanism for river restoration is not simple because discharge distribution is variable by snow-melting or rainy season, and a function for disaster control will recover by big precipitation event. Therefore it needs to consider the relationship between continuous discharge change and sediment erosion.

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Landslide Analysis of River Bank Affected by Water Level Fluctuation II (저수위 변동에 영향을 받는 강기슭의 산사태 해석 II)

  • Kim, You-Seong;Wang, Yu-Mei;Choi, Jae-Seon
    • Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.87-93
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    • 2010
  • The change of water level in reservoirs is an important factor causing failure of bank slopes, i.e. landslide. The water level of Three Gorges reservoir in China fluctuate between 145 m and 175 m, as a matter of flood control. During its normal operational state, the rate of water level fluctuation is supposed to range from 0.67 m/d to 3.0 m/d. Majiagou slope is located on the left bank of Zhaxi River, 2.1 km up from the outlet. Zhaxi River is a tributary of the Yangtze River within the Three Gorges area, of which the water level changes with the reservoir. At the back of Majiagou slope, a 20 m long and 3~10 cm wide fissure developed just after the reservoir water level rose from 95 m to 135 m in 2003. This big fissure was a full suggestion of potential failure of this slope. In this study, the pore water pressure files obtained from seepage analysis were used to evaluate the change in factor of safety (FS) with reservoir water level. Slope stability analyses then were carried out, with fully specified slip surface and limit equilibrium method. In the limit equilibrium analysis, the contribution of negative pore water pressure to shear strength was considered by the use of Fredlund's shear strength equation for unsaturated soils. On the base of the analyses, the change of FS with reservoir water level was interpreted in detail. It was found that FS against bank slopes decreases with the rise of the reservoir water level and increases with the drawdown of the reservoir water level. The most dangerous state was when the reservoir water level stays at the highest for a long time.

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Comparison of Critical Tractive Forces for Application of Soil Improvement Material to Bank Revetment Work (호안 제방사면 보강을 위한 지반개량재의 한계소류력 비교)

  • Kim, You-Seong;Kim, Jae-Hong;Seo, Se-Gwan;Bhang, In-Hwang
    • Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.65-73
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    • 2015
  • The bank revetment work which is conducted on the slope of river bank to protect against flowing water as a geotechnical structure has been applied as an average value of critical tractive force based on domestic and international standard design. Currently, an appropriate evaluation is needed for the hydraulic stability and geotechnical behavior analysis of bank revetments because of the effects of climate change and ambiguous design criterion. This study has compared the critical tractive forces of soil improvement material and conventional materials used for the bank revetment work. Through various experiments, the shear strength of mixtures with soil improvement material was investigated by curing time and mixture ratio. It was found that the critical tractive force of the mixture obtained from a scour test is suitable to the reinforcement of the slope of river bank which has problems such as seepage erosion and scour.

A Comparative Study on Revetment Techniques in a Restoration Stream (하천복원구간에서 호안공법의 비교 연구)

  • Kim, Sung-Bum;Seo, Young-Min;Jang, Kwang-Jin;Jee, Hong-Kee
    • 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2007.02a
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    • pp.612-615
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    • 2007
  • The environmental damage caused by river-improvement and slope of incision cliff can dest habitations of animate nature and it takes long time for restoration. River system constructed with stability of flood control, fine biotope, harmony with surroundings should be need to protect and restore nature. Therefore, in this study, conduct comparative experiment in various methods which are stable hydraulically and develop vegetation on revetment of bank, stream bed protection and disaster prevention aspect.

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Development of Strengthening Method and Safety Analysis of Ecological Block and Vegetation Bank Protection (식생블록옹벽의 구조적 안전성 해석과 보강설계기법 연구)

  • Oh, Byung-Hwan;Cho, In-Ho;Lee, Young-Saeng;Lee, Keun-Hee
    • Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.207-215
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    • 2003
  • Developed is a new environment-friendly concrete-block retaining wall system. The conventional analysis methods are not directly applicable because the proposed concrete-block wall system is made of by interlocking the blocks with shear keys. Therefore, the shear analysis as well as stability analysis have been conducted to secure the safety of block-wall system. Overall slope stability analysis was also performed. An appropriate strengthening method was developed to ensure the safety when the block-wall system is relatively high. The method of analysis for strengthening the concrete-block wall system was also proposed. The proposed environment-friendly concrete block retaining wall system shows reasonable safety and can be a good construction method for retaining walls and river bank walls.

Development and Verification of Eco-hybrid Rolling Mat for Preventing Bank Erosion Based on Large-scale Experiments (실규모 하천 실험을 통한 하안침식 방지 Eco-hybrid 롤링매트 공법 개발 및 검증)

  • Ji, Un;Jang, Eun-Kyung;Ahn, Myeonghui;Kim, Won
    • Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.217-226
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    • 2019
  • Optimum engineering methods for bank protection were classified based on steepness of bank slope and an existence of waterfront facility in the floodplain, and a new concept of eco-hybrid rolling mat method which could be applicable for the unfitted cases with previously developed countermeasures was suggested in this study. The eco-hybrid rolling mat method can be constructed while maintaining the river environment and ecosystem that does not interfere with the ground and slopes, when bank erosion occurs, it is an economical and efficient construction method that can protect the revetment and the bank slope immediately. The developed eco-hybrid rolling mat method was verified for the designed structure, system, function and effect based on large-scale river experiments including field exposure and decomposition test. As a result, the normal operation and effect of the rolling mat ted under low and high velocity conditions were confirmed with respect to bank protection. The effect of bank erosion prevention was quantitatively validated by sediment concentration monitoring and analysis, and the product specification of the eco-hybrid rolling mat was presented based on the standardized mat applied in real-scale tests.

Germination and Early Growth Characteristics of Pennisetum alopecuroides, Phragmites communis, and Miscanthus sinensis According to the Seeding Methods (파종방법에 따른 수크령, 갈대, 억새의 발아 및 초기생장 특성)

  • Cho, Yong-Hyeon;Lee, Ka-Hyung
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.163-172
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    • 2014
  • To investigate the possibility of developing the seeding measure for river bank slope revegetation, germination experiment and early growth observation were conducted using 3 native species growing naturally around river banks such as Pennisetum alopecuroides, Phragmites communis, and Miscanthus sinensis. The applied seeding methods were 3 such as scattering seeds, tillage after scattering seeds, and covering up seed with soil after scattering seeds. According to seeding methods, germination experiment and early growth observation were carried out on nursery bed soil in greenhouse. As results of this study, all the 3 native plant species' germination ratio and growth in length on nursery bed soil were highest on the seeding method of covering up seed with soil. Also it was verified by Duncan's multiple range test that the germination ratio and growth in length on the seeding method of covering up seed with soil is distinguished from those on other two seeding methods. According to this results, the best possible seeding measure to be developed should be mechanical seed spraying with soil.