• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.769-777
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• 2011

Anti-aging is one of the key words to have characterized Korean society, and Korean adults in their 40s and 50s are very interested in this word. In this study, their cognitive ages and body images which are expected to have been influenced by anti-ageing were determined and correlation between them was examined. A survey was conducted and 368 of 500 questionnaires were used in data analysis. Data were analyzed by descriptives, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple response analysis through SPSS 12.0. The results are as follows. First, the cognitive ages of Korean adults in their 40s and 50s showed to be 37.5 years old which are 9.1 years old younger than their average actual ages. Second, their attitudinal body images appeared to be composed of appearance orientation and appearance evaluation, and appearance orientation represented to be a little higher than appearance evaluation. In addition, it showed that the correlation between cognitive ages and the attitudinal body images was low and negative. Third, people in their 40s and 50s revealed to think good health and impression as ideal body images. It was found that they regarded a face as the most important body part for ideal body images and were sensitive of their weight. Forth, correlation between cognitive ages and variables of ideal body images was identified to be significant in 4 variables which are slender, shapely and slim figure and good body proportions. In conclusion, it was shown that Korean adults in their 40s and 50s recognized themselves to be 9.1 years old younger and, the younger they perceive themselves, the younger body images they want. Also, it could be confirmed that anti-ageing is a megatrend in Korean society.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.108-124
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• 2014

The purpose of the study is to figure out the difference in preference of clothes between Korean and Chinese female college students, who share similar ethnic traits despite having different sociocultural backgrounds and environment, and see the differences in their body image and body satisfaction. The questionnaire-based survey for the study was conducted for about a month and a total of 449 copies of the questionnaire were collected for the final research. For the research method, we examined the differences in clothes preference and fit between Korean and Chinese students, and then the corresponding differences in body image and body satisfaction. The result showed significant differences in the categories of skirt length, pants length, upper garment fit, and lower garment fit. Korean students preferred slim fit clothes, while their counterparts preferred natural fits. A comparison of body image between Korean and Chinese female students showed that the Korean students had lower body satisfaction levels, and viewed themselves as fat even though they were slimmer than their counterparts. The conclusion of the analysis was that compared to Korean students the Chinese students pursued a more comfortable and casual style, preferring unique and diverse designs instead of simply following a fashion trend.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the body size and body characteristics of short-statured females in their 20s and 30s using direct measurement data from the 7th size Korea, and to analyze the differences in body dimensions and proportions between the regular and tall groups of short groups. The goal is to identify the dimension areas that need attention when designing and grading patterns for this short groups. As a result, it was found that the short group was shorter in height than the regular group, and the circumferential dimension was similar to the regular group. When designing patterns the tops, the grading of the Bust point-bust point is not necessary for the height, and it is not necessary to grade the Neck point to breast point in the short and regular group. These groups showed a difference in the front silhouette but not in the side silhouette. Based on these findings, the body types were classified into the following three types: 'most bulky and heavy', 'long lower body and small shoulder', and 'small and thin'. The type 1 population was the least distributed, and the relatively small and slim type was the most common. It is expected that the results of this study can be used as a reference when setting pattern designs, grading values, and production ratios by size for short women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.1454-1465
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• 2011

Menswear body types are often labeled on garments (to indicate how the garments are designed to fit) with indicators of a size category such as regular, portly, and stout, athletic, or big and tall. A drop (relationships between the chest and waist girths) is related to the fit of a tailored suit. However, current standards are not designed for various drops or body types. There is not enough information of categorizing men's body shapes for the apparel sizing systems. In this article, a set of men's data from SizeUSA sizing survey was analyzed to investigate men's body shapes and drops. Factor analysis and a cluster analysis method were used to categorize men's body shapes. In the results, twenty-five variables were selected through the factor analysis and found four factors: girth factor, height factor, torso girth factor, and slope degree factor. According to the factor and cluster analysis, various body shapes were found: Slim Shape (SS - tall ectomorphy), Heavy Shape (HS - athletic, big & tall, endomorphy and mesomorphy), Slant Inverted Triangle Shape (SITS - regular, slight ectomorphy and slight mesomorphy weight range from normal to slightly overweight), Short Round Top Shape (SRTS - portly and stout, endomorphy). Body shapes were related to fitting categories. SS and HS were related to big & tall fitting category. SITS was related to regular. SRTS was related to portly and stout. Shape 1 (31%) and Shape 2 (26%) were related to current big & tall category. Shape 3 (34%) were related to regular. Shape 4 (9%) were in portly and stout category. ASTM D 6240 standard was the only available standard that presented a regular fitting category. Various drops were found within a same chest size group; however, this study revealed great variances of drops by body shape.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.753-765
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• 2008

In this study, the characteristics of body types of female adults Korean living in Japan were reviewed by analyzing factors and groups in order to provide basic data required to research body types. The subjects were 304 women in their 20's, 40's and 60's born in Japan and living in Osaka at present. The major results of this study are as follows. As a result of factor analysis, there were eight factors for the body types of women in their 20' and 40'. In case of the women in their 60', nine factors were extracted. The results of cluster analysis were as follows: Type one from the women in their 20' was tallest and has long legs. Type two was short and had a small frame with lowest weight. Type three had a thick frame and weighed heavy. It was categorized into a fat body type. Type one from the women in their 40' had medium height but a fat frame. Type two was tallest and had average weight and long legs. Type three was short and had a small frame with lowest weight. Type one from the women in their 60'was tallest and had long legs. Type one was categorized into a slim body type, Type two was categorized into a fat body type, and Type three was categorized into a short and small body type with shortest height and lowest weight.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.18-28
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to provide total data of real body-type and self-evaluation about it. The subjects were 614 middle-aged women between 35 and 59 years old. Data were collected through measurement and a questionnaire survey on self-evaluation. The results of self-evaluation of body are as follows; 1. As the result of the recognition degree analysis, people consider themselves thicker, shorter or smaller than what they really we, regardless of ages and types. In addition, the women of younger group rather than the women of older group consider themselves bigger/thicker and shorter than what they really are. They think that the items of waist girth, abdominal girth, hip girth, upper arm girth. and thigh girth are thicker than the other items, however, among girth items the size of bust girth is smaller than the other items. The women of the late middle-aged group consider their somatotype thicker/bigger and shorter than the women of the early middle-aged group do. 2. As the result of body cathexis for each part, women in general rum out themselves not to be satisfied with their body parts, regardless of ages and types. Particularly, they are not satisfied with abdominal girth, weight, hip girth. According to the age bracket, the women in the older group are more satisfied than the women of younger group in terms of their body. According to somatotype, women in tall and slim groups are more satisfied with their body. The women of the early middle-aged group turn out not to be satisfied with girth items while the women of the late middle-aged group are not satisfied with length items.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.368-375
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to provide basic informations for educating juveniles on desirable body image recognition by examining their body image recognition and comparing and finding problems according to gender and body mass index (BMI) in middle school students. The average age of the subjects was 15, their average height was 162.5 cm, their average weight was 53.5 kg, and their average BMI was $20.1\;kg/m^2$. Male students wanted to gain weight and female students wanted to lose weight. As for body shape, female students thought that they were fat more often than male students. Also the more overweight the students were, the higher their concerns and experiences toward weight control. Among weight control methods, exercise scored highest in all BMI groups. Over 80% of the respondents answered that their weight control effort were not systematic such as via professional counseling. As for the frequency of eating breakfast and dinner in female students, the more a student was overweight, the lower their frequency of eating breakfast and dinner. Many respondents answered that a typical meal time was '10~20 minutes'. The average eating habit score for all subjects was 38.0. The eating habit scores of male students were significantly higher than those of female students, and there were no significant differences among BMI groups. Eating habit score of 'I have more than two meals with rice everyday' in female overweight group was significantly higher than those of other two groups. These results indicate that the female students' degree of preference for a slim body shape were higher than those of male students. In addition, weight control by students is not systematic through professional counseling; instead they attempt to control their weight by themselves such as a meal skip, which lead to potential danger that they may lose weight carelessly. Therefore, correct body image recognition is greatly needed, and families and schools should make ceaseless efforts to help students properly control their weight and have correct eating attitudes.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.471-487
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze changes to body measurements and silhouettes after wearing an early 19th century women's corset. Two types of corsets were tested. Changes in body size and silhouette were compared based on the levels of tightening strength of the corset. The tightening strength was adjusted in 4 steps by making the length of back fastening string 10-40 cm shorter than the standard. The silhouette was compared with the front silhouette and the side silhouette. The results were as follows. After wearing the experimental 19th century corsets, the chest circumference and front interscye length increased. However, the chest circumference did not increase proportionally to the tightening strength. The underbust circumference, waist circumference, and back interscye length also decreased. The waist width was decreased to create a slim front silhouette. The change in the body silhouette differed depending on the style of the experimental corset. The experimental corset made with the six-piece torso pattern changed the posture so that the shoulders were pulled back and the chest was pushed forward. The experimental corset with the side bodice pattern resulted in the subject's shoulders reclining backward and the chest and abdomen extending forward. The results of this study show that women's body sizes and silhouettes could be changed by wearing the early 19th century corsets, but the changes in body size and silhouette vary depending on the wearer's individual body type or corset style.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.799-810
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• 2012

A girdle is a body-shaping article of clothing. The garment pressure of the girdle is considered an indispensable factor. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in body size and distribution of garment pressure after donning the girdle. The changes of body size and garment pressure were analyzed by body types. Korean women (n=19) in their 20s participated in the experiment. Their body types were classified according to four factors: the index value(hip girth-waist girth), and waist, hip, and thigh girths. The garment pressure was measured at 12 points. The results of this study showed that the hip and thigh girths were reduced mostly after donning the girdle. These values were 2.0~2.8cm and 1.7~2.3cm, respectively. The garment pressure was high at the waist band, the hip joint, and the gluteal furrow region at the back. The subjects whose waists, thighs, or hips were well developed showed great garment pressure in the hip area, but their hip girth decreased very little. The subjects with less developed or slim thighs or hips showed a slimming effect, with moderate pressure in the hip and thigh regions. These results show that the hip and thigh can be slimmed with moderate pressure by donning a thigh-length girdle. High garment pressure is not necessary for the girdle's body shaping effect. The hip area is hard to get body slimming effect with high garment pressure. The current girdle sizing system needs to be revised in order to lower garment pressure in the hip region. The researchers suggest using 3cm size intervals rather than 6cm size intervals for hip girth.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.430-448
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• 2011

This study analyzes the stereotyped femininity with a focus on body codes, which has been continuously expressed in fashion illustrations from the late $19^{th}$ century to the year 2010, and examines the changes in its meaning. Stereotyped femininity was reorganized by the changes in female sex role effected by social changes, as well as by the body discourse and feminism in the late $20^{th}$ century, These socio-cultural backgrounds led to the change in the meaning of stereotyped women expressed in fashion illustrations. The stereotyped women in fashion illustrations are characterized by gender-oriented body, and the typical image of women was reproduced with the marks of poses and looks that feature passiveness and subordination. Then, the gender-oriented body since 1990's shifted to active meaning that positively revealed sexual desire. The space positioned by women is also the symbol of gender. In line with changes over time, the backgrounds in fashion illustrations have changed from private space such as home and nature to public space such as city, which reflects diversification and expansion of space for women. This study has identified the changes in meaning, based on the analysis of the characteristics of stereotyped women expressed in fashion illustrations. Above all, women who were objectified as a subject by dominant discourse have established the concept of active body as an entity. In addition, the symbol of typical femininity is "slim" and "beauty", which reflects the change from the emphasis on childbirth-related femininity to self-control and conquer. On the other hand, the typical features expressed through body have reproduced dichotomous structure, but the emergence of body and background deviated from gender has reorganized the symbolic order of gender.