• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2014

Sleep is vital to maintain health and well-being; however, insomnia is currently a widespread health complaint worldwide. In particular, caffeine, a psychoactive component of coffee, tea, and caffeine beverages may lead to sleep disorders such as insomnia. In this study, our primary objective was to investigate the inhibitory effect of high-purity phlorotannin preparation (HP-PRT) on caffeine-induced wakefulness. The sleep test of pentobarbital-induced mice was used as an in vivo animal model. Caffeine (50 and 100 mg/kg) showed significant arousal effects (an increase in sleep latency and a decrease in sleep duration). Co-administration of caffeine (50 mg/kg) and the sedative-hypnotic diazepam (DZP, 1 mg/kg) did not result in similar arousal activity. HP-PRT (500 mg/kg) also inhibited caffeine-induced wakefulness. Our results suggest that HP-PRT would be a useful additive for developing coffee products without the arousal effect.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.121-129
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to compare general characteristic of high school girls according to menarcheal age and to investigate the factors associated with the menarcheal age of high school girls. Methods: This study utilized the data of the 2013 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). The sample included 18,077 high school girls who experienced menarche. The questionnaires used for this study assessed menacheal age, grade, place of residence, family affluence, height, weight, diet pattern, physical activity, sleep duration, and stress level. Data was analyzed using the complex sample analysis (${\chi}^2$-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis). Results: Higher BMI, frequent vegetable consumption, short sleep duration, and higher stress level were associated with an earlier menarcheal age among high school girls. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate intervention strategies to control the timing of menarche.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.395-407
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• 2019

Objectives: This study examined the association of the sleep quality and patterns with the dietary behavior, including snack and beverage consumption, taste preferences, as well as lifestyle of university students. Methods: The subjects were 406 university students in Cheongju, Korea, and the data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. They were divided into two groups according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI): good-quality sleepers (PSQI score ≤ 5) and poor-quality sleepers (PSQI score > 5). The data were analyzed using a χ²-test, independent t-test, and analysis of covariance using the SPSS 25.0 program. Results: Fifty-two percent of university students were categorized as poor-quality sleepers by the PSQI. Students classified as poor-quality sleepers had delayed bedtimes, and a shorter duration in bed and total sleep hours than the good-quality sleepers did. Poor-quality sleepers were more prevalent among those who were female, having irregular mealtimes, or frequent late night meals. They also consumed fast food frequently, such as fried chicken and hamburgers, and noodles when adjusted for gender. In addition, drinks with caffeine over milk were dominant among poor-quality sleepers. Furthermore, the preferences for spicy and salty tastes and longer smartphone usage were more prevalent in those with poor-sleep quality. Conclusions: These results showed that more than 50% of university students reported disturbed sleep and poor quality sleep was associated with less desirable snack consumption and taste preference, more smartphone usage, and others. Therefore, nutrition education program along with lifestyle changes promoting sufficient sleep are encouraged to provide for university students, particularly those who have poor sleep quality.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 2006

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome disrupts normal sleep. However, there were few studies to evaluate the asymmetric distribution, the one of the important factors of normal sleep in OSA subjects. We hypothesized that asymmetry would be broken in OSA patients. 49 male subjects with the complaint of heavy snoring were studied with polysomnography. We divided them into two groups based on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) fifteen: 13 simple snoring group (SSN, average AHI $5.9{\pm}4.4$) and 32 OSA group (average AHI $47.3{\pm}23.9$). We compared split sleep variables between the first half and the second half of sleep within each group with paired t-test for the evaluation of asymmetry. Changes of sleep architecture of OSA were higher stage 1 sleep% (S1), total arousal index (TAI), AHI, and mean heart rate (HR) and lower stage 2 sleep% (S2), REM sleep%, and mean arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) than SSN subjects. SWS and wake time after sleep onset (WASO) were not different between two groups. In split-night analysis, OSA subjects showed higher S2, slow wave sleep% (SWS), spontaneous arousal index (SAI), and mean HR in the first half, and higher REM sleep% and mean SaO2 in the second half. Those were same pattern as in SSN subjects. Mean apnea duration and longest apnea duration were higher in the second half only in the OSA. No differences of AHI, ODI, WASO, and S1 were found between the first and the second half of sleep in both groups. TAI was higher in the first half only in the SSN. SWS and WASO seemed to be influenced sensitively by simple snoring as well as OSA. Unlike our hypothesis, asymmetric distributions of major sleep architecture variables were preserved in OSA group. Losing asymmetry of TAI might be related to pathophysiology of OSA. We need more studies that include large number of subjects in the future.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.49-56
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• 2024

Purpose: The aims were to investigate potential differences in clinical assessments among acute pain-related temporomandibular disorder (TMD) with different concordance value (CV) between number of self-reported painful site (NSP) and number of painful sites on palpation (NPP), and if it makes sense to treat them differently. Methods: A total of 61 patients were divided into three groups according to CV: 10 patients (concordance poor [CP]), 19 patients (concordance moderate [CM]), and 32 patients (concordance high [CH]). Clinical assessments were conducted using a standardized method in diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD). We compared collected information including sex, diagnosis, numerical rating scale (NRS), NPP, NSP, sleep duration, DC/TMD Axis II questionnaire, and perceived stress scale among three groups. Results: Among the clinical assessment, NRS, sleep duration, NPP, NSP, total scores of Oral Behaviors Checklist, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-15, PHQ-9 showed significant differences among 3 groups. NRS, NPP, NSP, PHQ-15, and PHQ-9 were higher in the CP group than in the CM and CH groups. Sleep duration was positively and NPP, NRS were negatively correlated with CV. Conclusions: While previous studies suggested differences between chronic and acute TMD in DC/TMD items, our findings propose the CV might be a key factor that could predict the severity and susceptibility of acute-TMD patients. However, Additional studies are required to determine whether their long-term prognosis was similar to that of chronic pain patients and what the response to treatment was among the three groups.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 2016

Objective : This study aimed to quantify the degrees of insomnia, depression and anxiety felt by employees, and to understand which components of insomnia affect depression and anxiety. Methods : One thousand employees who had medical checkups from January to December 2014 in the Workplace Mental Health Institute of Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center were selected randomly. Sleep quality, depression, and anxiety were rated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), respectively. Good and poor sleepers were divided into two groups according to their total PSQI score : ${\leq}5$ for good sleepers or >5 for poor sleepers. Results : Of 998 employees, 742 (74.35%) had PSQI total scores below 5, and 256 (25.65%) had scores over 5. Multivariate linear regression analysis using the 7 components of PSQI versus BAI, and CES-D scores revealed that subjective sleep quality, daytime dysfunction, sleep disturbance, sleep latency and sleep duration components were significantly associated with both BAI and CES-D. Conclusion : Among the components of insomnia, subjective sleep quality and daytime dysfunction were most strongly associated with depression and anxiety.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.268-273
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• 2018

Sleep is the most basic and essential physiological requirement for mental health, and sleep disorders pose potential risks of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Tryptic hydrolysate of ${\alpha}_{S1}$-casein (${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$) has been shown to possess stress relieving and sleep promoting effects. However, the differential effects of ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ on electroencephalographic wave patterns and its effects on the protein levels of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid A ($GABA_A$) receptor subtypes in hypothalamic neurons are not well understood. We found ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ (120, 240 mg/kg) increased sleep duration in mice and reduced sleep-wake cycle numbers in rats. While ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ (300 mg/kg) increased total sleeping time in rats, it significantly decreased wakefulness. In addition, electroencephalographic theta (${\theta}$) power densities were increased whereas alpha (${\alpha}$) power densities were decreased by ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ (300 mg/kg) during sleep-wake cycles. Furthermore, protein expressions of $GABA_A$ receptor ${\beta}_1$ subtypes were elevated in rat hypothalamus by ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$. These results suggest ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$, through $GABA_A$ receptor modulation, might be useful for treating sleep disorders.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2019

People sleep about one-third of their lives and their sleep time varies according to age. Adult usually sleep 8 hours a day. However, that dose not guarantee good sleep. The cause of this is due to sleep disorders like snoring and sleep apnea. In this paper, the smart pillow for detecting snoring among sleep disorders is investigated. This pillow consists of two microphones located on the left and right side of the pillow. For simple detecting, the snoring signal was converted into the pulse using a peak detection circuit. The decision of the snoring occurrence was by pulse duration. The accuracy of the snoring detection was about 97%. The research results show that the smart pillow can be use to detect the snoring during sleeping.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2000

Objectives: Parkinson's disease (PD) patients may experience fluent mobility upon awakening from a night's sleep, which is called sleep benefit (SB). Although SB is a phenomenon closely associated with sleep, sleep features of PD are not well characterized. The objectives of this study were, first, to investigate if there are any clinical characteristic features between patients with SB and without SB (NSB), and second, to examine if SB patients are associated with any specific sleep variables compared with NSB patients. Methods: Thirty-three PD patients (14 men and 19 women) participated in this study. All subjects were interviewed to examine whether or not they had SB and overnight polysomnography was performed at the sleep center. Various clinical variables were collected through medical record review. Results: The 331 PD patients were divided into 16 SB group (48.5%) and 17 NSB group (51.5%). SB patients were younger (p<0.02), had higher sleep efficiency (p<0.05), and showed shortened sleep latency (p<0.02) as compared with NSB patients. However, no difference was found between SB and NSB with respect to gender, duration or stage of PD, antiparkinsonian medications prescribed, and predominant motor symptoms. SB did not clearly relate to a specific sleep stage and other sleep variables except sleep efficiency and sleep latency. Although primary snoring was more prevalent in SB patients (p<0.05), other sleep disorders were seen with equal frequency in SB and NSB groups. Conclusion: Our results suggest that good sleep efficiency, shortened sleep latency, and age may have an effect on morning motor function (i.e., SB) in Parkinson's disease.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.138-148
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• 2017

Objectives: Sleep quality is directly related to the health, quality of life and working capacity and is affected by age, gender, exercise, life habits. Gender dissimilarities in sleep quality are acknowledged. However, the gender difference in the quality of sleep in shift workers was not well known. Our aim was to study the less known gender differences in the quality of sleep of shift workers. Methods: 1,008 study subjects aged between 21 and 57 years among these, 637(525 male and 112 female workers) were daytime workers and 371(253 males and 118 female workers) were shift workers. Sleep quality was measured by self-report through the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) and fatigue was measured by using the Chalder Fatigue Scale(CFS). All data was analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 program. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute. Results: Overall, sleep quality was found to be worse in shift workers than in daytime workers and in female than in male. Fatigue in shift female workers was significantly higher than in daytime female workers and shift male workers. In Spearman correlation analysis results, fatigue were significantly associated with gender, drink habit, regular exercise, working hours and sleep quality. With group male workers as the reference, the odds ratio(OR) for having a CFS was 2.115(${\beta}$ value=0.749, p<0.01), and subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, daytime dysfunction and PSQI were 1.541(${\beta}$ value=0.432, p<0.05), 2.297(${\beta}$ value=0.831, p<0.001), 1.798(${\beta}$ value=0.587, p<0.01) and 2.224(${\beta}$ value=0.799, p<0.01), respectively. Conclusions: Shift work played an important role in lowering the quality of sleep, and the effect was more pronounced in female workers than in male workers. Sleep quality was related to fatigue, especially sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep disturbances and daytime dysfunction were significantly related. Therefore, to improve fatigue and sleep quality of shift worker, it is necessary to improve healthy habits such as regular exercise, smoking cessation, and limited drinking. In particular, it is urgent to develop and implement a regular exercise program to reduce fatigue and improve the quality of sleep in workplace.