• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.206-226
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of eating with family or alone on the self-rated mental or physical health and then work out strategies of making people recognize the importance of eating with family and its practice. Study subjects were 610 primary school 5th- and 6th-grade students in Daejeon Area. A questionnaire survey was carried out. 57.9% of students had working mothers. The frequency of meal in a day was $2.90{\pm}0.42$ and this frequency was lower in students who had working mothers (p < 0.05). The frequency of skipping breakfast (times/week) was $1.02{\pm}1.77$. The frequencies of eating alone (times/week) were $1.04{\pm}1.65$ for breakfast and $0.97{\pm}1.52$ for dinner. Also, the frequency of eating alone for dinner was higher in students who had working mothers (p < 0.001). When the frequency of eating alone for breakfast or dinner was higher, the frequencies of skipping breakfast and dinner were also higher (for all, p <0.01). When the frequency of eating alone for breakfast or dinner was higher, the self-rated positive mental health were lower (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively) and the self-rated negative mental health (for dinner, p < 0.05) and the self-rated negative physical health was higher (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively), thus presenting negative health. The frequencies of eating with family (times/week) were $3.37{\pm}2.50$ for breakfast and $4.14{\pm}2.19$ for dinner. Also, the frequency of eating with family for dinner was lower in students who had working mothers (p < 0.01). When the frequency of eating with family for breakfast was higher, the frequency of skipping breakfast was lower (p < 0.01). When the frequency of eating with family for dinner was higher, the frequency of skipping dinner was lower (p <0.01). In addition, when the frequency of eating with family for breakfast or dinner was higher, the self-rated positive mental health were higher (for both, p <0.01) and the self-rated negative mental health was lower (for breakfast, p < 0.01) and self-rated negative physical health were lower (for both, p <0.01), thus presenting positive health. Therefore, in order to maintain positive health, it is necessary to recognize the importance of eating with family at home and educate people to carry out a systematic and continuous dietary life, thus increasing eating with family and reducing eating alone and skipping a meal.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.376-382
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• 2017

Purpose: The consistent rise in the number of foreign students in Korea demands an accurate and detailed investigation into their dietary practices and nutritional status. For these international students, assimilation into new cultures can be stressful. The influence this process may have on dietary behaviors as well as overall health cannot be overlooked. Methods: The researchers in this study sought to investigate the nutritional status and dietary practices of Ghanaian students studying in Korea. A total of 81 Ghanaian male students with an average age of $29.4{\pm}4.0years$ were sampled between May and June 2016. Investigations were carried out on the general characteristics of the participants, their daily food and nutrient intakes using a 24-h dietary recall method, meal skipping practices, and the nutritional quality of their diets based on their meal skipping habits. Results: The study revealed that the daily nutrient intake of subjects did not fully meet the daily recommended nutrient intake (RNI) established by Ghanaian Ministry of Health and the World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), particularly for energy, calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B2 requirements. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) for calcium was very low, posing a deficiency risk to the participants. Meal skipping practices among participants changed significantly after arriving in Korea. The study also compared the diet quality indicators (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio and Mean Adequacy Ratio) of those who skipped meals ${\geq}7times/week$ with those who skipped meals < 7 times/week. Participants who skipped meals ${\geq}7times/week$ were shown to have lower dietary intakes of vitamins B1 and B2 than those who skipped meals < 7 times/week. Conclusion: Ultimately, the study found that meal skipping among Ghanaian students was common, and their daily nutrient intakes did not meet the set dietary standards. Those who skipped meals ${\geq}7times/week$ had lower dietary intakes of vitamins B1 and B2 than those who skipped meals < 7 times/week. Based on our study findings, we recommend that nutrition education should be organized for the Ghanaian student community in Korea using our results as a template to draw up a nutrition program that is culturally appropriate.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.481-488
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations of breakfast skipping and dietary habits according to breakfast intake frequency. Subjects were 5th and 6th graders of elementary school(n=423) in Gyeonggi area. As a result of analyzing the breakfast intake frequency, 'Having everyday' showed the highest 63.4%, followed by '4~6 times' 16.5%, '2~3 times' 13.5% and '0~1 times' 6.6%. As a result of analyzing the relations between mother and child in the breakfast intake frequency, it showed that the more mothers skipped breakfast, the more their children skipped it. For the reason of skipping breakfast, 'To be in time for school' showed the highest percentage. As a result of analyzing the perception of awareness for the importance of nutrition and dietary habit according to the breakfast intake frequency, there was a statistically significant difference in breakfast intake, dietary habits, selection and intake of proper food, disease and health problem according to the breakfast intake frequency. As a result of study, it is necessary that nutrition education should not be limited to children but expanded to their parents in order to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of nutrition education between school and home.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.779-788
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to provide fundamental data on the importance of eating breakfast by analyzing the dietary habits, dietary attitude, dietary behavior, and nutrition knowledge between of male high school students according to breakfast eating status. The subjects consisted of 400 male high school students living in Chungnam. There was no significant difference according to grade, height, and weight between students who skipped breakfast and those who ate breakfast. Further, satisfaction and perception about body weight were not statistically different between the two groups. Regarding relationships with friends, to the response 'I have a lot of relationships with friends' was 25.5% in the skipping breakfast group and 45.7% in the eating breakfast group. The academic records of the students who ate breakfast were much higher. Meal regularity, meal satisfaction, and dietary attitude of the eating breakfast group were better than those of the skipping breakfast group. Regarding the level of nutritional knowledge, students who skipped breakfast scored $7.6{\pm}2.9$ points while the students who ate breakfast scores $7.9{\pm}3.1$ points, indicating no significant difference. The students who ate breakfast had better friendships, higher academic achievement, and better dietary behavior and attitude. Therefore, it is necessary to increase nutrition education and reduce the skipping of breakfast through a variety of methods, such as school food service and simple recipes for Korean food. It should also be considered that nutrition education for parents be widely provided.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.277-289
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find the nutrition status and the effects of nutrition education by comparing the condition of the subjects before and after the education among elementary students attending a community child center(CCC). The subjects of the study were 70 elementary school students in CCC in Donggu, Ulsan as a control group compared to other 87 elementary students in the same age and the same area. The result were as follows. The students in CCC showed higher rate of skipping breakfasts and less rate of having snacks, compared with control students. Also they showed lower scores of both nutrition knowledge and dietary belief. The CCC group had higher rate of skipping meals, especially on weekends(72.9%), and showed less nutrient intakes than the control group. After the nutrition education, nutrition knowledge and dietary beliefs of the nutrition group showed better results but no difference in their dietary attitudes. The education did not make significant differences in the rate of skipping meals and in the nutrient intakes. Considering all the results above, an adequate plan for providing meals is required as well as a nutrition education for improvement of the poor nutrition condition of children in CCC.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.387-402
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the dietary behaviors, processed food preferences, and awareness levels of nutrition labels among female university students living in middle region by breakfast eating. A total of 243 students (breakfast eating group: 153, breakfast skipping group: 90) were surveyed from April to May of 2011. The results are summarized as follows: Skipping breakfast (SB) group had a significantly higher frequency of skipping lunch and dinner compared with the eating breakfast (EB) group (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively). In the EB group, food labels were identified sometimes (31.8%), frequently (29.1%), and rarely (28.5%). In the SB group, food labels were identified rarely (33.3%), sometimes (27.8%), and frequently (26.7%). The EB group used food labels for comparing price and weight of products more frequently than the SB group (P<0.05). In the EB group, nutrition labels were identified sometimes (38.0%), frequently (28.1%), and rarely (24.8%). In the SB group, nutrition labels were identified rarely (32.6%), sometimes (30.3%), and frequently (21.4%). The EB group used food labels for identifying nutrient contents more often and for weight control more less than the SB group (P<0.05, P<0.05, respectively). The main reason for not identifying nutrition label of the processed foods was 'not being interested (55.5%)' in the SB group (P<0.05). Therefore, education programs that emphasize the importance of eating breakfast, and reading food and nutrition labels need to be developed for university students.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.288-295
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Emerging evidence shows that eating breakfast and breakfast types may be associated with health outcomes and dietary intakes in various populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between breakfast types in Korean adults with their daily nutrient intakes and health outcomes. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 11,801 20- to 64-year-old adults (age $42.9{\pm}11.8$ yrs [$mean{\pm}standard$ error of the mean]; male 41.1%, female 58.9%) in 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey data were divided into 5 groups based on breakfast types in a 24-hr dietary recall: rice with 3 or more side dishes (Rice3+, 35.3%), rice with 0-2 side dishes (Rice0-2, 34.73%), noodles (1.56%), bread and cereal (6.56%), and breakfast skipping (21.63%). Daily nutrient intakes and the risk of metabolic syndrome were compared among five groups. RESULTS: Compared with Korean Recommended Nutrient Intake levels, the breakfast-skipping group showed the lowest intake level in most nutrients, whereas the Rice3+ group showed the highest. Fat intake was higher in the bread and noodle groups than in the other groups. When compared with the Rice3+ group, the odds ratios for the risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome were increased in the breakfast skipping, Rice0-2, and noodle groups after controlling for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS: The rice-based breakfast group showed better nutritional status and health outcomes when eating with 3 or more side dishes. Nutrition education is needed to emphasize both the potential advantage of the rice-based, traditional Korean diet in terms of nutritional content and the importance of food diversity.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.699-707
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• 2003

This study examined the effectiveness of two commonly used dietary assessment methods (the 24-hour recall and the food frequency questionnaire) in the epidemiological investigations of health-related habits and degenerative diseases. This cross sectional project in the Seoul area was conducted for the purpose of establishing cohort subjects and collecting reliable nutrient intake data for a further large-scale cross sectional study. The subjects were 91 volunteers from the Seoul area with a mean age of 53.5 \pm 9.6 for the males and 52.2 \pm 8.9 for the females. The subjects had a relatively high educational background, were from high socioeconomic levels, and were greatly concerned about healthrelated life styles. There was a significantly negative correlation between their smoking and their nutrient intake. Their drinking habits, their self-estimated health status and their concern or stress about being healthy did not have any influence on their nutrient intakes. Skipping meals was the most undesirable dietary habit influencing their nutrient intakes, and the next was their irregularity of eating meals. The subjects who liked legumes and fish had higher intakes of iron and niacin and those who liked milk and dairy products had higher intakes of calcium, vitamin \B_2 and fat. The subjects who considered themselves not to be healthy consumed higher amounts of fish and shell-fish, and those who considered themselves to be healthy consumed higher amounts of vegetables. The smokers consumed less fruits than non-smokers, but there was no correlation between their drinking and consumption of the food groups. There was no correlation between their food consumption frequency and their skipping meals or meal irregularity. There were positive correlations between their food likes and food consumption frequency for foods such as meat, milk and dairy products, seaweeds and fruits. Therefore, their smoking, skipping meals and meal irregularity appeared to greatly influence their nutrient intakes. Significant correlations were found between their health-related habits and their food group preferences and food frequencies. This implies that simple surveying methods using criteria such as smoking, skipping meals and meal irregularity, food group preferences and eating frequencies can be used as useful tools in the assessment of nutritional statuses.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.5 no.1 s.8
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• pp.111-120
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• 2001

VC merging involves distinguishing cells from an identical merged VC label. Various approaches have been proposed to help this identification process. However, most of them incur additional buffering, protocol overhead and/or variable delay. They make the provision of QoS difficult to achieve. So it was proposed a merge capable scheduler to support VC-merging (VCMS). However, in situations where all VCs are to be merged or the incoming traffic load is very low, it could happen that there are not enough non-merging cells to snoop. In this situation the scheduler uses special control cells to fill the empty time slots out. Too many control cells can cause high cell loss ratio and an additional packet transfer delay. To overcome the drawbacks, we propose a Sequence Skipping(SS) method where the sequencers skip the empty queues and insert SS cells. We show SS method is suitable for VC-merging and can reduce the cell loss ratio and the mean packet transfer delay through simulations.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.371-376
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• 2018

In the system security technology, the information hiding field is developed as technologies for embedding information, which are generally used as contents media. The proposed technique is a technical steganography technique which uses a technique of concealing certain information through physical / statistical change of signal values of contents. Recently, there have been various studies based on histogram shifting in reversible data concealment. In multi - peak histogram shifting, the capacity of data concealment gradually increased by applying multiple peak histogram method. In this paper, we analyze the effect of concealment in terms of adopting the histogram shift method including skipping. In addition, we propose multi - branch data concealment as a general method to improve concealment capacity. The above proposal has proved to be an example using mathematical expressions, and further improvement measures could be derived.