• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.85-89
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• 2016

Omega-3 rich fish oils are extremely labile, thus requiring control of oxidation and off flavor development. A recently proposed emulsification method, layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, was found to be a plausible method to enhance the characteristics of bioactive ingredients, especially lipids. The present work was designed to test the possibility of enhancing the uptake and utilization of omega-3 fatty acids present in fish oil. The bioavailability of nano-emulsified fish oil was monitored in terms of intestinal absorption as well as skin permeability by using the everted intestinal sac model and Franz cell model. The skin permeability and intestinal absorption characteristics was significantly improved by LbL emulsification with lecithin/chitosan/low methoxypectin. Multilayer encapsulation along with nano-emulsification can be a useful method to deliver biologically active lipids and related components, such as fish oil. The protective effect of this tool from lipid oxidation still needs to be verified.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.170-177
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• 2011

Transdermal drug delivery(TDS) offers many important advantages. For instance, it is easy and painless, it protects the active compound from gastric enzymes, and it avoids the hepatic first-pass effect. Also, it is simple to terminate the therapy if any adverse or undesired effect occurs. But skin is a natural barrier, and only a few drugs can penetrate the skin easily and in sufficient quantities to be effective. Therefore, in recent years, numerous studies have been conducted in the area of penetration enhancement. The most commonly used transdermal system is the skin patch using various types of technologies. Compared with other method of dosage, it is possible to use for a long term. It is also possible to stop the drug dosage are stopped if the drug dosage lead to side effect. Polysaccharide, such as xanthan gum and algin were selected as base materials of TDS. Also, these polymers were characterized in terms of enhancers and drug contents. Among these polysaccharide, the permeation rate of Paroxetine such as lipophilic drug was the fastest in xanthan gum matrix in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG400 and PEG800 as enhancers. Since dermis has more water content(hydration) than the stratum corneum, skin permeation rate at steady state was highly influenced when PEG400 was more effective for lipophilic drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.407-414
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• 2010

New biological treatments were being developed at a record place, but their potential could be compromised by a significant obstacle: the delivery of these drugs into a body. Pharmaceutical delivery is now nearly as important as product. New systems are being developed, and Drug Delivery Markets Series cover these new systems. Transdermal Delivery System(TDS) is often used as a method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. An approach used to delivery drugs through the skin for therapeutic use as an alternative to oral, intravascular, subcutaneous and transmucosal routes. Various transdermal drug delivery technologies are described including the use of suitable formulations, carriers and penetration enhancers. The most commonly used transdermal system is the skin patch using various types of technologies. Compared with other methods of dosage, it is possible to use for a long term. It is also possible to stop the drug dosage are stopped if the drug dosage lead to side effect. Polysaccharides, such as karaya gum and glucomannan, were selected as base materials of TDS. Also, these polymers were characterized in terms of enhancers, drug contents. Among these polysaccharide, the permeation rate of karaya gum matrix was fastest in fibric acid(ciprofibrate) such as lipophilic drug in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG400 and PEG800 as enhancers. Since dermis has more water content(hydration) than the stratum corneum, skin permeation rate at steady state was highly influenced when PEG400 was more effective for lipophilic drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate. Especially, this result suggests a possible use of polysaccharide gel ointment matrix as a transdermal delivery system of anti-hyperlipoproteinemic agent.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.122-125
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• 2005

Paraquat, is a widely used for its great effect as a herbicide. But the mortality rate by paraquat intoxication is known to be very high. It is thought to act by changing form to superoxide and peroxide free radical. Almost paraquat intoxication is through ingestion. A few intoxication of paraquat is through skin absorption. But there was no known death case through skin absorption. We experienced a case of a expired patient by paraquat intoxication through skin abrasion and scratching wound. A 75-year-old man was visited emergency room after motorcycle accident during transporting paraquat. He has multiple abrasion and scratching wound on extremities, and pelvic bone fracture. There was no evidence of ingestion of paraquat. But serum/urine gramoxone level was all positive. In spite of wound irrigation and hemoperfusion, his condition was been gone form bed to worse. 2 days after, multiple organ failure and the respiratory arrest were developed and he was expired. Paraquat intoxication through skin wound is extremely dangerous and death by that could possibly happen

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book II
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• pp.464-478
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• 2003

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by UV exposure or other environmental facts play critical roles in cellular damage and aging. The extract of tinged autumnal leaves of maple tree(Acer palmatum) has proven to be a powerful antioxidant. The Acer palmatum extract is very effective on the stabilization of biological membranes( containing unsaturated fatty acid). We studied photoprotective effect of the extract against UVB-induced cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes. The extract improved cell viability comparing to control after UVB irradiation. In the determination test of pro inflammatory cytokines the extract decreased expression of interleukin 1 a and 6, which play an important role in inflammation and skin erythema caused by UV. We also studied property of varying cosmetic formulations on the percutaneous absorption of the extract. After 24 hour in vitro penetration study, the content of the extract was more highly detected in skin residue part. This result showed the extract had relatively high compatibility of skin in our emulsion system. On human skin, after appling the product containing the extract we obtained a good result of antiwrinkle effect by skin visiometer. In conclusion, the Acer palmatum extract is a photoprotective and very effective in stressed and aged skin care. And we can predict the extract mainly affects on the skin cell and tissue in our emulsion system.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.853-865
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 경피 흡수가 어려운 주름 개선 펩티드인 GHK, GHK-Cu, Pal-GHK 리포좀 및 여기에 피부 투과 펩티드인 아르지닌 올리고머 R4(tetra-D-arginine), R6(hexa-D-arginine)를 첨가한 리포좀으로 경피 투과도를 측정하여 그 결과를 다음 6가지 구분으로 분석하였다. (1) 주름 개선 펩티드만 함유한 GHK, GHK-Cu, Pal-GHK lioposome의 경우; 24시간 최종 누적 경피 투과율은 6.05%, 7.4%, 8.83%를 보였다. (2) GHK에 약물 전달 펩티드 아르지닌 올리고머 R4, R6를 첨가한 리포좀의 경우; 24시간 최종 누적 경피 투과율은 13.63%, 7.68%를 나타냈다. (3) GHK-Cu에 R4, R6를 첨가한 리포좀의 경우; 24시간 최종 누적 경피 투과율은 15.46%, 8.64%로 나타났다. (4) Pal-GHK에 R4, R6를 첨가한 리포좀의 경우; 24시간 최종 누적 경피 투과율은 16.9%, 10.67%를 보였다. (5) GHK, GHK-Cu, Pal-GHK에 각각 R4를 첨가한 리포좀의 경우; 24시간 최종 누적 경피 투과율은 13.63%, 15.46%, 16.9%를 나타냈다. (6) GHK, GHK-Cu, Pal-GHK에 각각 R6를 첨가한 리포좀의 경우; 24시간 최종 누적 경피 투과율은 7.68%, 8.64%, 10.67%로 나타났다. 본 실험을 통해 구리이온(Cu2+)과 팔미트산에 의해 GHK의 피부 흡수가 증가하고, 피부 투과 펩티드에 의해 주름 개선 펩티드의 피부 흡수가 증진되며, GHK, GHK-Cu, Pal-GHK에는 R4가 R6보다 높은 효과를 보이는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이를 통하여 GHK, GHK-Cu, Pal-GHK의 피부 흡수를 증가를 위한 최적의 조건을 제시하여 그 효능을 극대화할 수 있는 방안을 제시함으로써 주름 개선 기능성 화장품에서의 폭넓은 활용과 응용을 제안한다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 2003

In order to evaluate the effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers on skin permeation of apomorphine, the skin permeation rates of apomorphine from vehicles of different composition were determined using Franz diffusion cells fitted with excised rat skins. Solubility of apomorphine in various solvents was investigated to select a vehicle suitable for the percutaneous absorption of apomorphine. The solvents used were propylene glycol (PG), $Transcutol^{\circledR},\;Labrasol^{\circledR},\;Labrafac hydro WL^{\circledR},\;Labrafil WL 2609 BS^{\circledR}$ and isopropyl alcohol. Even though permeation rates of apomorphine from each vehicle were low $(0.008-0.36\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$, the combination of PG and $Labrafac^{\circledR}$ increased it significantly. The permeation rates of apomorphine from $PG/Labrafac^{\circledR}$ mixtures increased as the volume fraction of PG in the mixture increased. The maximum permeation rate of $18\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$ was achieved at 30% of PG, which decreased with further increase of PG fraction. A series of fatty acids, alcohols and monoterpenes were employed as penetration enhancers. Incorporation of each enhancer in the $PG/Labrafac^{\circledR}$ (30:70) mixture at the level of 10% improved the skin permeation significantly. The highest permeation rate, $117\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$, was attained with myristic acid.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare permeation characteristics in three skin types using oil-soluble benzoic acid and water-soluble caffeine after method condition optimization based on OECD guideline 428. Methods: A Franz diffusion cell, a reliable alternative method for skin permeation, was used. One-milliliter samples were taken and immediately replaced with fresh solution in the receptor chamber at regular time intervals (1, 2, 4, 7, 10 and 24 hr). The amount of test substances was measured by LC-MS/MS. Results: The permeation rate increased dose-dependently, and the permeation orders were $KeraSkin^{TM}$ > hairless mouse full skin > human cadaver epidermis for skin types, and benzoic acid solution > caffeine solution > benzoic acid cream > caffeine cream for type of test materials. Conclusion: According to the definitions of Marzulli, benzoic acid and caffeine would be classified as 'fast' and 'moderate' compared with the permeation of other chemical species. The setting conditions and permeation characteristics performed in this study are expected to contribute to future permeation studies.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제25권3호spc1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 1995

The in vitro skin permeability of 16 drugs with a wide span of lipophilicity (log P ranging from -0,95 to 4.40) was evaluated with an ethanol/panasate 800 (tricaprylin, P-800) (40/60) lipophilic binary vehicle and an ethanol/water (60/40) hydrophilic binary vehicle with lauric acid, The skin permeability of the drugs was enhanced by the use of the ethanol/P-800 (40/60) binary vehicle or the ethanol/water (60/40) binary vehicle with lauric acid; permeation rate was increased and lag time' was decreased. The relationship between lipophilicity and skin permeation rate of the drugs showed parabolic shapes with their peaks at much greater hydrophilic range compared with other past references. In the in vivo skin absorption of theophylline using abdominal rat skin, the ethanol/P-800 (40/60)-7% (w/w) ethycellulose gel produced a good feature as a sustained-release preparation, and the ethanol/water (60/40)-3 % (w/w) HPMC gel with lauric acid showed the highest BA value. The results suggest that the lipophilicity of a drug is a main factor for prediction of the skin permeability of the drug and that the ethanol/P-800 (40/60) binary vehicle and ethanol/water (60/40) binary vehicle with lauric acid would be good candidates for clinical transdermal application of hydrophilic drugs.

• 약학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.595-600
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• 2000

Transdermal delivery of ketorolac tromethamine, a potent non-narcotic analgesic, through human cadaver skin was investigated in vitro. A mixture of ethanol/water (40/60) containing 0, 1, 3, 5, and 8 (w/v)% L-menthol were used as a vehicle and penetration enhancer respectively. The permeation of ketorolac through human cadaver skin from saturated drug solution was evaluated at $37^{\circ}C$ with modified Franz diffusion cell. The in vitro skin flux and lag time were $1.23\;{\pm}\;0.11\;{\mu}g/cm^2{\cdot}hr$ and $5.56\;{\pm}\;0.34\;hr$, respectively. The cumulative amount of penetrated ketorolac containing L-menthol in ethanol/water (40/60) binary system was increased by the following order; 3%, 5%, 8%, 1%, 0%, and the lag time was decresed by the following order; 3%, 5%, 8%, 0%, 1%. The results suggested that a potential use of 3% L-methol is an effective penetration enhancer of ketorolac tromethamine through the human cadaver skin.