• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.9-20
• /
• 2006

Objectives: This study was aimed at investigating the ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis and related factors. And we want to compare the ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis and related factors among the provinces. Methods: In order to compare, the data was referred to National health insurance center for affirming the insurance type of the dead. And age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis of each insurance type was analyzed by whole country and the provinces. Related factors of the provinces were gathered from public statistic books. We analysed correlation study between the ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis and related factors among the provinces. Results: Major findings were as follows 1. The ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis was 5.6. And the ratio was relatively high at 40-60 ages. 2. The ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis by the province was varying. And the factors that were financial independence, crowdedness, percent of people on medical aid, population size served by each public health center, number of hospital by a million peoples have correlated with increment of the ratio. Conclusions: As a consequence of tuberculosis control, the ratio was high. Thus this finding suggests that medical utilization and preventive behavior, environment of tuberculosis patient are under handicapped condition. Especially large cities like metropolitan area who have high financial independence, high population density, high percentage of medical aid peoples have high ratio of medical aid over health insurance of age adjusted mortality rate of tuberculosis. There is need for additional and systematic research on the attitude or tendency toward medical services(inc1uding preventive services) utilization of medical aid tuberculosis patients.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.270-277
• /
• 2007

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) which is the most serious threat to cultured shrimp around the world has given enormous economic damages to shrimp culture industry every year since it was found from the shrimp ponds in the west coast of the South Korea in 1993. WSSV has strong infectivity as well as virulence and it can be rapidly transmitted among shrimps in ponds by cannibalism of infected ones. Polyculture of shrimps with carnivorous fish has been applied in commercial shrimp farms to suppress or delay the viral outbreak because the fish may selectively eat the moribund shrimps infected by virus. To determine the selective predatory effect of a carnivorous fish, river puffer Takifugu obscurus on white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, polyculture trials in laboratory scale of WSSV-infected and non-infected shrimps with river puffer were conducted in concrete round tanks of $28.26\;m^2$ in surface area as followings: 1) juvenile shrimps (B. W. 0.62 g) with 5 months old puffer (B. W. 11.60 g) cultured for 8 days, and 2) sub-adult shrimps (B. W. 6.84 g) with 16 months old puffer (B. W. 85.82 g) cultured for 5 days in order to know the effects according to size difference of cultured animals. In polyculture of juvenile shrimp with 5 months old puffer, survival rates of infected and non-infected shrimps were 46.0% and 89.1% respectively and in that of sub-adult shrimp with 16 months old puffer those were4% and 48% respectively. The results showed that puffer tends to selectively prey on virus infected shrimps among infected and non-infected ones in a limited space with although there is difference in predatory rate with age and density of animals. Regardless of different densities and ages of animals as well as health condition of shrimps, however, there were low differences in daily biomass of shrimp consumed per kg body weight of puffer. This finding suggests that puffer preys on healthy shrimps when moribund shrimps were not sufficient. Therefore, farmers should consider the total biomass of puffer as well as density and stocking time when they stock puffer into shrimp ponds for polyculture.

• Journal of Distribution Research
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.65-93
• /
• 2011

This paper aims to explore how relational constructs(supplier's idiosyncratic investment, retailer's dependence, and dyadic communication) impact the buyer's trust across the relationship lifecycle. Companies make great efforts to create trust and maintain long-term relationship with buyers. Buyer and supplier relationships evolve through distinct lifecycles. In each phase, buyers and suppliers exhibit different patterns of behaviour. Also, they have different attitudes toward, and expectation of, one another. In this study, the final outcome investigated is long-term orientation from the buyer's perspective. Data were collected from 296 survey questionnaires of retailers engaging in Crops Protected Material industry in Korea. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to purify the measurement scales. And structural equation analysis and Chow test were used to test the hypotheses. The result indicates that the effect of retailer's dependence on the trust is greatest. Especially, the effect of dependence is growing as the relationship has developed. Supplier's idiosyncratic investment increases trust in the early phase, while it is not found to affect trust in the maturity phase. In the early phase, the determination of trust begins to be increasingly influenced by partner's relationship investment only because other clues are not observed yet. Reciprocal communication has a positive effect on trust, and long-term orientation is directly influenced by retailer's trust. Communication's effect is greater in the build-up phase than in the maturity phase. A limitation of this study is the unequal sample size in each of the relationship phases. Literature has suggested that the effects of relational constructs on outcomes are different across relationship phases. This study shows that different relational constructs have different effects on trust depending upon the relationship phase.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.42 no.5
• /
• pp.13-21
• /
• 2014

This study generated regression models to quantify storage and annual uptake of carbon from five native landscape tree species through a direct harvesting method, and established essential information to estimate carbon reduction effects from urban greenspaces. Tree species for the study included the Chionanthus retusus, Prunus armeniaca, Abies holophylla, Cornus officinalis, and Taxus cuspidata, which are usually planted in cities of middle Korea, but for which no information on carbon reduction is available. Ten tree individuals for each species were sampled reflecting various stem diameter sizes at a given interval. The study measured biomass for each part including the roots of sample trees to compute total carbon storage per tree. The annual carbon uptake per tree was quantified by analyzing the radial growth rates of stem samples at breast height or ground level. Regression models were developed using diameter at breast height (dbh) or ground level (dg) as an independent variable to easily estimate storage and annual uptake of carbon per tree for each species. All the regression models showed high fitness with $r^2$ values of 0.92~0.99. Storage and annual uptake of carbon from a tree with dbh of 10 cm were greatest with C. retusus (20.0 kg and 5.9 kg/yr, respectively), followed by P. armeniaca (17.5 kg and 4.5 kg/yr) and A. holophylla (13.2kg and 1.8 kg/yr) in order. A C. officinalis tree and T. cuspidata tree with dg of 10 cm stored 9.3 and 6.3 kg of carbon and annually sequestered 3.2 and 0.6 kg, respectively. The above-mentioned carbon storage equaled the amount of carbon emitted from gasoline consumption of about 23~35 L for C. retusus, P. armeniaca, and A. holophylla, and 11~16 L for C. officinalis and T. cuspidata. A tree with the diameter size of 10 cm annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of about 6~10 L for C. retusus, P. armeniaca, and C. officinalis, and 1~3 L for A. holophylla and T. cuspidata. The study breaks new ground to easily quantify biomass and carbon reduction for the tree species by overcoming difficulties in direct cutting and root digging of urban landscape trees.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.105-115
• /
• 2015

This study examined what effect the educational satisfaction level in the grey job project had on the business effectiveness and verified the effect the participant education satisfaction level had on the project business effectiveness ultimately by influencing the job satisfaction. This study utilized the source data of the senior job project old participant status survey of the Korea senior manpower development center which was conducted in 2013, and the non-proportional stratification sample extracting method was used which considered the project type, regional size, and cities/provinces. Sejong City was excluded from the survey target and the survey targeted 2,005 persons except for non-response or response-irrelevant persons concerning this study question. The collected material was analyzed by using SPSS WIN 21.0 program. The frequency and percentage were calculated to apprehend the general characteristic of the study target. Also, the regression analysis was conducted to examine the effect the educational satisfaction level had on the business effectiveness of the senior job project, and the hierarchical regression analysis was conducted in order to examine the mediated effect of the job satisfaction level in the effect the educational satisfaction level had on the business effectiveness of the senior job project. The main result of this study is as follows. First, among the effects the educational satisfaction level had on the business effectiveness, both interest level of educational contents and the job utilization of education had a significant effect on the psychological effect, and the interest level of the educational contents had a significant level on the physical/social effect, and the job utilization of education had a significant effect on the economic effect. Second, in the effect the educational satisfaction level had on the business effectiveness, the job satisfaction level was confirmed the job satisfaction level had a partial mediated effect in the effect the educational satisfaction level had on the psychological/physical/social effect. The job satisfaction level was confirmed the job satisfaction level had a complete mediated effect in the effect the educational satisfaction level had on the economic effect. Also, The job satisfaction level was confirmed the job satisfaction level had a partial mediated effect in the effect the educational satisfaction level had on the business effectiveness. Consequently, the educational contents according with the demand of job participants will have to be developed and the exclusive manpower must be arranged to conduct the education effectively. Also, making participants feel a pride on the job fully will largely contribute to raising the business effectiveness because the job satisfaction level has a positive effect on the business effectiveness.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2018

The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries prepared the sixth industrialization certification system to increase the added value in the agricultural sector, but it is a bit hard to judge that the system has been in the stage of creating sufficient added value. In particular, because of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, there is a significant change in all industry sectors, including innovation in technology, and the change of perception among the society members is being rapidly changed toward the corporate sector's social role. Thus, we surveyed companies that received the sixth industrialization enterprise certificate to address this phenomenon and find clues on how to be competitive. We selected 800 companies certified by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries as sixth industrialization enterprises as our study samples. Among them, we subjected 275 respondents to a final analysis upon eliminating incomplete responses. The result of the study revealed that entrepreneurship, including autonomy that reflects the characteristics of the certified companies, had a significant positive impact on economic value. Moreover, with the size of the companies certified as the sixth industrialization enterprise and the industry trend toward the innovative Fourth Industrial Revolution considered, the strategic orientation including the customer orientation to intensively focus on customer needs and the technology orientation to accept technology as a competitive sector even in the agricultural industry was found to have a significant positive effect on economic value. Strategic orientation demonstrated a significant positive effect on social value. Entrepreneurship demonstrated a significant positive effect on economic values but did not significantly affect the social value. Lastly, while strategic orientation has demonstrated that no mediation effect resulted due to a high direct effect between entrepreneurship and economic value, a complete mediation effect occurred between entrepreneurship and social value. Based on this study, if the companies that received the sixth industrialization enterprise certificate are equipped with not only entrepreneurship but also strategic orientation for customer-oriented thinking and response to technological changes, they can become an influential element in creating not only economic value but also social value, which is emphasized as an element of sustainability.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.322-331
• /
• 1992

In order to understand the transfer and behavior of R gene in water environments. the Kmr gene in the genetically modified microorganisms(GMMs) w,is studied by conjugation. The plasmid variously rearranged in the conjugants were comparatively analyzied by agarosc gel electrophoresis and the specific Km' genes in the gel were tletected with DNA probe. The Kmr genes of the GMM strains(DKC600 and DKC601) were transferred at higher rate than those of natural isola~e(DKI)b, ut the ratc was a little diflurent depending upon the recipient strains. Rearrangement of the plasmids appeared morc drastic in GMM strains than in IIKI as donor. The transfer frequencies of the Km' genes in LR broth were remarkably higher than in the water of AW and FW without regards to the strains. In LA breth. the frequencies of Kmr genes were higher at 25'C-30$^{\circ}$C than at 10$^{\circ}$C and at pH - 7 than pH 9, but temperature and pH of the FW did n,,t affect to the frequency. And the conjugants from GMM strains in FW did not showed any plasmids. except tor 43 kb plasmiil. As results of Southern analysis of the plasmid, variously rearranged in eonjugant cells obtained in LB broth, the Kmr genes were detected at the same position of Km' plasrnids of the donor cell(DK1 and GMM strains). But Km' plasmid disappeared in the conjugants obtained in F'W and their chronlosomes showed strong signal of hybridization. The Kmr plasmid of DKl in the conjugants obtained in FW water was transferred and maintained its size, but the Kmr plasinids of the GMM strains were all integrated into chromosome. Therefore, the Kmr plasmids of DKI anit GMM strains in LH were intactly transferred and other plasmitls were variously rearranged. but Km' gene of DKC600 in FW water was integrated into the chromosorn: without regards to the temperature and pH of the water.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.285-296
• /
• 2014

Although the problems of the algal blooms have been world-widely observed in freshwater, estuary, and marine throughout the year, it is not yet certain what are the basic causes of such blooms. Consequently, it is very difficult to predict when and where algal blooms occur. The constituents of the Asian dust are in a good agreement with the elements required for the algal growth, which suggests some possible relationship between the algal blooms and the Asian dust. There have been frequently algal blooms in drinking water from rivers or lakes. However, there is no any algal blooms in upwelling waters where the Asian dust cannot penetrate into the soil due to its relatively weak settling velocity (size of particles, $4.5{\pm}1.5{\mu}m$), which implies the possible close relationship of the Asian dust with algal blooms. The present initiative study is thus intended firstly in Korea to illustrate such a relationship by reviewing typical previous studies along with 12 years of weekly iron profiles (2001~2012) and two slant culture experiments with the dissolved Asian dust. The result showed bacterial suspected colonies in the slant culture experiment that are qualitatively in a good agreement with the recent Japanese studies. Since the diatoms require cheap energy (8%) compared to other phytoplankton (100%) to synthesize their cell walls by silicate, the present results can be used to predict algal blooms by diatoms if the concentrations of iron and silicate are available during spring and fall. It can be postulated that the algal blooms occur only if the environmental factors such as light, nutrients, calm water surface layer, temperature, and pH are simultaneously satisfied with the requirements of the micronutrients of mineral ions supplied by the Asian dust as enzymatic cofactors for the rapid bio-synthesis of the macromolecules during algal blooms. Simple eco-friendly methods to regulate the algal blooms are suggested for the initial stage of blooming with limited area: 1) to cover up the water surface with black curtain and inhibit photosynthesis during the day time, 2) to blow air (20.9%) or pure oxygen into the bottom of the water and inhibit rubisco for carbon uptake and nitrate reductase for nitrogen uptake activities in algal growth during the night, 3) to eliminate the resting spores or cysts by suction of bottom sediments as deep as 5 cm to prevent the next year germinations.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2014

As part of reconsideration on naming of the scenic site No.1 "Myeongju Cheonghak-dong Sogumgang," this study attempts to identify whether there is any mistake with reference to place naming of Korea's No.1 scenic site and if so, to correct the problem by examining the origin of the name and its transition progress through analysis and interpretation of old maps, ancient documents such as traditional geographic books, Yusangi(遊山記) and Letters Carved on the Rocks. The findings of this study are as follows: In traditional geographic books, a term of 'Mt. Cheonghak(靑鶴山)' was first found from "SinjungDonggookyeojisungram(新增東國輿地勝覽)" and after a place name, 'Sogumgang(小金剛)' first appeared in "Yeojidoseo(輿地圖書)" in the middle of the 17th century, it was reproduced in "Jungsuimyeongji(增修臨瀛誌)", which was published in the early 20th century. However, as a result of analyzing old maps, the place name, Sogumgang cannot be found in any local or national map except place names such as Cheonghak-dong, Mt. Cheonghak and Temple Cheonghak. Even though 'Biseonam,' 'Cheonyudong,' 'Gyeongdam' and 'Mt. Cheonghak' appear in Yulgok's "Yucheonghaksangi(遊靑鶴山記)", any part in which 'Sogumgang' was referred is not found. Later, Cheonghak-dong Sogumgang seemed to had been called 'Mt. Cheonghak' or 'Cheonghak-dong(靑鶴洞)' for more than three centuries as seen in Lee Sun-il's "Godamilgo(孤潭逸稿)", Heo Geun's farewell records, Heo Mok's "Cheonghak-dong Guryongyeongi(靑鶴洞九龍淵記)", Yoon Sun-geo(尹宣擧)'s "Padongilgi(巴東日記)" and Lee Won-jo's letters and a poem composed by Gang Jae-hang in the middle of the 18th century is the only record in which the place name, 'Sogumgang' is shown. Meanwhile, 'Sogumgang' carved on Inung Rock(二能巖) in front of Temple Gumgang is presumed to be carved by Inunggyeoone(二能契員) in the 1870s or in 1930s, considering the size of each character, calligraphy, overall layout, wear extent and records in Jiriji. Therefore, no evidence can be found to say that each character of 'Sogumgang' was written by Yulgok because 'Sogumgang' has strong evidences of the origin of its place name. To sum up the findings stated above, since Yulgok's "Yucheonghaksangi", this place seems to have been referred as 'Mt. Cheonghak Cheonghak-dong' and as it is confirmed that the place name, 'Sogumgang' first appeared in "Ohyeongosijo(五言古時調)" of "Ibjaeseonsangyugo(立齋先生遺稿)" and "Yeojidoseo" in the middle of the 18th century, it can be inferred that the place name, Sogumgang had been partly mingled as an another name of Mt. Cheonghak. Therefore, even though it is difficult to say the existing place name has a significant problem, it is thought that it will be better to name 'Mt. Cheonghak Cheonghak-dong' rather than 'Cheonghak-dong Sogumgang' in order to stress on this place's traditional identity as a scenic site related to Yulgok. In addition, as confirmed in this study process, it is said that each character of place names, 'Mt. Cheonghak' and 'Gyeongdam(鏡潭)' and name 'Yoon Sun-geo' carved in Rock Sikdang stated in Yoon Sun-geo's "Padongilgi" in 1964 is a pledge showing the influence of "Yucheonghaksangi" as an ancient travel literature as well as a mark of the Giho school scholars' respect and spirit to honor Yulgok.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2012

Annual power consumption of our country is positioned in the upper percentile in the world, and because the proportion of fossil power generation is high, which ranks the 10th $CO_2$ emission country. In this regard, government has established and is implementing the National Energy Basic Plan to realize to get out of fossilization in energy supply while focusing on securing the technology for renewable energy as well as its commercialization in order to reduce greenhouse gas. Resource recovery technology for deep seawater thermal energy which is one of renewable energies is newly getting attention domestically as well as in overseas for securing resources and environmental improvement as a core technology for multilateral use of marine resources for low carbon and green growth. Economic feasibility analysis was conducted for the research and development as follows on the use of ocean thermal energy conversion and seawater air conditioning. First, in the case of power generation using deep seawater and warm discharge water from ocean thermal energy conversion plant of 1MW level, it is judged that the economic feasibility is insufficient but the feasibility will be significantly improved if we consider not only power generation but also drinking water and certified emission reduction by developing the power plant to the size for commercialization. Second, the economic feasibility for the use of deep seawater as air conditioning for the power plant of 1,000RT level turned out to be very good. Especially, when we consider certified emission reduction, it will be possible to secure sufficient economic feasibility. When we use it in connection with ocean thermal energy conversion, water conversion and agricultural and fishery use, it is judged that economic ripple effect will be significant and therefore it will be necessary to conduct research and development for early commercialization, distribution and diffusion of deep seawater energy.