• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.28-42
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• 2009

In the wake of categorizing the design changes occurred during the period from 2004 till the first half of 2006 in Choongcheong province area, based on purpose and reason of design changes identified by the Korea National Housing Corp, it included 11 types such as the image of the apartment complex, scenic elements, consideration by the user, prevention of the defect, constructability, site conditions, incompatibility between the activities, superordinate standard, prevention of civic complaints, design details and others, along with 47 subordinate elements. And the evaluation intended to identify the corelation between the number and time of design change approval, frequency and scale of design change by type and the cost variations indicated that; firstly, enhancing the image of the apartment complex proved to be the main reason for design changes, accounting for 22% in terms of frequency and 54.9% in terms of cost variation. Secondly, the higher the increase in cost by design change aimed at improving the image of the complex, the lower the decrease in cost by design change for uncertain reasons, dubbed the inverse proportional relations, indicating that the design changes for uncertain reasons were mostly aimed at reducing the construction cost. Thirdly, with regard to the number of design change approval and the time of the initial approval, twice or less and 90 days or less before completion of the construction work, respectively, accounted for $52{\sim}53%$, indicating the design change deliberation and approval tended to have been carried out collectively in the form of ex post facto approval, which seemed to be attributable to the attempt of reducing the construction cost or budget problem, as a result of comparing with the cases in which the cost was reduced.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.6059-6062
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• 2012

Regional cancer epidemiology is an important basis for determining the priorities for cancer control in different countries worldwide. There is no reliable information about the pattern of head and neck cancer in western Nepal and hence an attempt was here made to evaluate the situation based on hospital data, which provide the only source in the western region of Nepal. A clinicopathological analysis of head and neck cancers treated between 2003 and 2006 in Manipal Teaching Hospital affiliated to Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Western Development Region, Nepal was performed. A total of 105 head and neck cancer cases were identified with a male to female ratio of 1.8:1. The median ages of male and female patients were 62 and 64 years, respectively. Ninety-seven (92.4%) of the cancer patients were suffering from carcinoma, three (2.9%) had blastoma, three (2.9%) had sarcoma, and two (1.9%) had lymphoma. The majority (61.9%) of carcinoma cases were squamous cell carcinoma followed by anaplastic carcinoma (7.2%). Of the carcinoma cases, the most common site of primary lesion was larynx (19.6%), followed by the thyroid (14.4%), the tongue and hypopharynx with 10.3% cases each. Comparative analysis among males and females did not reveal any sex difference in type of head and neck cancers. The head and neck cancer pattern revealed by the present study provides valuable leads to cancer epidemiology in western Nepal and useful information for health planning and cancer control, and future research in western Nepal.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.139-146
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• 2012

In this paper, we implement an m-LIS(Mobile-Logistics Information System) for an effective logistics management in consideration of logistics process and work environment. The m-LIS could perform the entire business process every minute and promote the work efficiency by tying up with ERP and POS system. Moreover, this system could enhance the management level of service and supply chain. Due to the reason that the existing logistics business was not computerized and automated, most of operation was accomplished by means of workers experience and convention. This problem brought about both the ineffective management and logistics quality deterioration by weakening the control power of the logistics site. In order to solve this problem, we put focus on providing the real-time operation monitoring environment on the spot, the satisfaction of the efficiency on the spot, and the optimized system by building up the logistics information system. Furthermore, we attest that the new logistics system could properly cope with the increase of the quantity of goods transported owing to stable logistics information support and the market expansion and growth caused by the firm interface between the new ERP and its related system.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.1-27
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• 2012

As more manufacturing and global businesses are being pulled into the port area, the idea of a Port Business Valley (PBV) is being pondered as it would create jobs and added value. The PBV would be centered around the harbor and be connected to the port, a logistics district, an industrial district, and the city. The resulting domestic and foreign investment in logistics, industry, business, tourism, living, etc. would vitalize the geographical characteristics of Incheon Port. It would also generate the largest amount of ripple effects between industries in the PBV. However, up until recently, the most frequently offered examples of planning that have helped logistics of a port to grow that have used a PBV have been those of Busan New Port and Gwangyang Port. However, this study is the result of the recent inception of the idea of creating a PBV centered around Incheon Port and the need for experts to develop a plan for such a PBV in Incheon by conducting a site specific study. The aim of this study is to set up the concept of PBV and establish PBV model of Incheon Port. In addition, this study identifies construct factors and their strategies for establish PBV of Incheon Port and then, shows the key factors and related-strategies on Fuzzy-AHP analysis from a survey of logistics experts with Incheon Port.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 1992

Since 1960's along with industrialization and urbanization, economic growth has been . achieved, however, at the same time, environmental condition has been seriously deteriorated. . Currently, volume of wastewater has been increasing at annual rate of 7% in sewage and 20% in industrial wastewater. However, the nation's sewage treatment serves only 33% of the municipal wastewater as of 1991. Major portion of air pollutants comes from combustion of oil and coal which comprise 81% of total energy use and emission gases from motor vehicles increasing at an accelerated rate. It is known that Korea generates the highest amount of waste per capta. Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to reduce the volume of waste by means of resources recovery and recycling. Recognizing the importance of global environmental problems such as ozone layer depletion, global warming and acid rain, international society has been making various efforts since the 1972 Stockholm conference. In particular, it is expected that the Rio conference which has adopted the Rio declaration and Agenda 21 will form a crucial turning point of the emerging new world order after the Cold War confrontation. To cope with such issues as domestic pollution and global environmental problems, the fundamental national policy aims at harmonizing "environmental protection and sustainable development". The Ministry of Environment has recently set up a mid-term comprehensive plan which includes annual targets for environmental protection. According to the government plan, gradual improvement of various environmental conditions and specific measures to achieve them is planned in time frame. Additional sewage treatment plants will be constructed in urban areas with the target to treat 65% of the nation's municipal sewage by 1996. Supply of clean fuels such as LNG will also be expanded starting from large cities as a cleaner substitute energy for coal and oil. In parallel with expansion of LNG, emphasis will be placed on installation of stack monitoring system. Due to the relatively limited land, government's basic policy for solid waste treatment is to develop large scale landfill facilities rather than small sized ones. Thirty three regional areas have been designated for the purpose of waste management. For each of these regions, big scale landfill site is going to be developed. To increase the rate of waste recycling the government is planning to reinforce separate collection system and to provide industries with economic incentives. As a part of meeting the changing situation on global environmental problems after UNCED, and accommodation regulatory measures stipulated in the global environmental conventions and protocols, national policy will try to alter industrial and economic structure so as to mitigate the increasing trends of energy consumption, by encouraging energy conservation and efficiency. In this regard, more attention will be given to the policy on the development of the cleaner technology. Ultimately, these policies and programs will contribute greatly to improving the current state of national public health.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.443-458
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• 2005

Late Quaternary deposits of the core in the western area of the Nakdong River delta consist of four sedimentary units: Unit I, II, III and IV, in ascending order, controlled by the sea-level change since the last interglacial period. Unit I unconformable overlying Cretaceous basement rocks is composed of sandy gravel and sand deposited in a fluvial channel before the first marine transgression. Unit II composed of stiff massive mud is interpreted as a shallow marine deposits formed during the last interglacial period (probably MIS 5). The development of the fissures coated with oxidized materials in the upper part of Unit II is a feature of subaerial exposure, which indicates erosional contact with the upper Unit III. Unit III is made up of soft massive mud and soft shelly massive mud deposited in a tidal flat and a inner shelf, respectively, since the Holocene transgression (about 9,000 yr BP). Unit Ⅳ consisted of soft shell bedded mud and yellowish sandy mud was deposited in the delta environments during the regression (after about 5,000 yr BP). The lower shell bedded mud was deposited in a tidal flat and the upper sandy mud was deposited in the floodplain corresponding to present site of the Nakdong River delta.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.87-102
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• 2005

In the congested urban areas, tunnelling close to existing structures or services often occurs due to the lack of surface space so that tunnelling-induced ground movements may cause a serious damage to the adjacent structures. This study focused on the two dimensional laboratory model pile-soil-tunnelling interaction tests using a close range photogrammetric technique. Testing equipments and procedures were Introduced, particularly features of aluminium rods regarded as the frictional granular material. The experimental result showed that the photo imaging process by the VMS and EngVis programs proved to be a useful tool in measuring the pile tip movements during the tunnelling. Consequently, the normalised pile tip movement data for the influence zones can be generated by the laboratory model tests using the Photogrammetric technique. This study presents influence zones associated with the normalized pile tip settlements due to tunnelling in the cohesionless material. The influence zones were Identified by both a laboratory model test and a numerical analysis. The normalized pile tip movements from the model test were in good agreement with the numerical analysis result. The influence zones proposed in this study could be used to decide the reasonable location of tunnel construction in the planning stage. However, the scale of model pile and model tunnel sizes must be carefully adjusted as real ones for practical application considering the ground conditions at a given site.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.381-386
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• 2016

Background: Bladder cancer is an international public health problem. It is the ninth most common cancer and the fourteenth leading cause of death due to cancer worldwide. Given aging populations, the incidence of this cancer is rising. Information on the incidence and mortality of the disease, and their relationship with level of economic development is essential for better planning. The aim of the study was to investigate bladder cancer incidence and mortality rates, and their relationship with the the Human Development Index (HDI) in the world. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from incidence and mortality rates presented by GLOBOCAN in 2012. Data on HDI and its components were extracted from the global bank site. The number and standardized incidence and mortality rates were reported by regions and the distribution of the disease were drawn in the world. For data analysis, the relationship between incidence and death rates, and HDI and its components was measured using correlation coefficients and SPSS software. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: In 2012, 429,793 bladder cancer cases and 165,084 bladder death cases occurred in the world. Five countries that had the highest age-standardized incidence were Belgium 17.5 per 100,000, Lebanon 16.6/100,000, Malta 15.8/100,000, Turkey 15.2/100,000, and Denmark 14.4/100,000. Five countries that had the highest age-standardized death rates were Turkey 6.6 per 100,000, Egypt 6.5/100,000, Iraq 6.3/100,000, Lebanon 6.3/100,000, and Mali 5.2/100,000. There was a positive linear relationship between the standardized incidence rate and HDI (r=0.653, P<0.001), so that there was a positive correlation between the standardized incidence rate with life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, and the level of income per person of population. A positive linear relationship was also noted between the standardized mortality rate and HDI (r=0.308, P<0.001). There was a positive correlation between the standardized mortality rate with life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, and the level of income per person of population. Conclusions: The incidence of bladder cancer in developed countries and parts of Africa was higher, while the highest mortality rate was observed in the countries of North Africa and the Middle East. The program for better treatment in developing countries to reduce mortality from the cancer and more detaiuled studies on the etiology of are essential.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.125-149
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• 2012

As the smart phone is propagating rapidly, the importance of mobile advertisement has also grown. One of the main characteristics of the Internet and smart phone advertising is that they can deliver personalized advertisements to each customer. The smart phone enables the identification of additional personalized information such as the customer's location and the accessibility to the site at any place any time. As the Internet platform becomes richer, firms that offer the ad services via the wired PC Internet and wireless smart phone are seeking various types of personalized ads. However, their service platform and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) platform should be suitable to the characteristics of personalized ads. This research explores various types of personalized ad methods and evaluates their adequacy encompassing four types of ad service platforms (such as search portal, news portal, e-mall servers, and SNS) and two types of ICT platforms (PC Internet and smart phone). To this end, we classified the personalized ads into seven types: three basic types and four composite types. The basic types of ad methods are identified by considering the current activity that the customer is engaged, the individual profile and log history, and the customer's current location or planning location. Four composite types of ad methods are constructed as the combination of these basic types. For those types of ad methods, we evaluate whether each ad method adequately maps with four types of ad service platforms and two types of ICT platforms. We proposed a metric of evaluation and demonstrated the concept with illustrative numbers. Specifically, we analyze and compare personalized ad methods in three ways. Firstly, the possibility of implementing a personalized ad method on the platform is analyzed to confirm the degree of suitability. Secondly, the value of personalized ad method is analyzed based on the customer accessibility. Lastly, expected effectiveness for each personalized ad method is computed by multiplying the possibility and the value. Through this kind of analysis, the ad service providers as well as advertising companies can evaluate what kinds of personalized ad methods and platforms are possible and suitable to maximize their ad effectiveness on the Internet and smart phone platforms.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.512-521
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• 2013

This paper presents the user needs analysis and information visualization for the development of a semantic-based national R&D information navigation service in information service planning phase, which converges and fuses NDSL databases and NTIS databases. To investigate and analyze the user needs for improving usability, we make an improvement plan for R&D information services via a survey targeted at 30 persons, and on-site interviews targeted at 12 persons, almost of who are researchers in industries, universities and government-funded institutes. To design new information visualization service, we propose an interactive national R&D information visualization service, which is provided in navigation type, and prescribe persona and screen prototyping according to the user needs analysis. We design the national R&D information convergence/fusion architecture based on the NDSL databases, including 345,411 academic articles, 620,555 co-authors and 49,958 reports and NTIS databases including 187,466 national R&D projects. We expect that the national R&D information convergence/fusion architecture contributes to R&D information convergence/fusion as a leading model/standard and the interactive navigation-typed information visualization service strengthens usability continuously.