• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.854-862
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• 2012

The optimal design of batch-storage network by using periodic square wave model provides analytical lot sizing equations for a complex supply chain network characterized as multi-supplier, multi-product, multi-stage, non-serial, multi-customer, cyclic system including recycling and/or remanufacturing. The network structure includes multiple currency flows as well as material flows. The processes are represented by multiple feedstock/product materials with fixed composition which are very suitable for production processes. In this study, transportation processes that carry multiple materials with unknown composition are added and the time frame is changed from single period into multiple periods in order to represent nonperiodic parameter variations. The objective function of the optimization involves minimizing the opportunity costs of annualized capital investments and currency/material inventories minus the benefit to stockholders in the numeraire currency. The expressions for the Kuhn-Tucker conditions of the optimization problem are reduced to a multiperiod subproblem for average flow rates and analytical lot-sizing equations. The multiperiod lot sizing equations are different from single period ones. The effects of corporate income taxes, interest rates and exchange rates are incorporated.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.208-237
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• 2019

Serious social problems related to the elderly have appeared in the Gangwon Province because the population in this area is rapidly aging. Gangwon has the highest suicide rate and the highest percentage of single households. In the process of preparing for the super-aging society, Time Bank (TB) System has been actively used in 34 countries, especially in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. In Korea, the Gumi Senior Club has joined this system since 2004. TB is a multilateral exchanged system based on the philosophy that everyone's time is valued equally. Time credits are given to the person who provides social services, such as citizen participation and elderly care. People receive the desired services using time credits or donating them. If this system were applied to the Gangwon Province in accordance with its characteristics, it would help to reduce the elderly's prejudices and manage their diverse health problems. A virtual local currency using IT technologies is needed to boost the regional economy. The elderly's participation in TB is strongly needed. Future research about the effectiveness of health management is then discussed.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.31-47
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• 2012

The Eurozone was launched to set a goal on using the single currency perfectly in 1999. Using the Euro could get rid of exchange cost and cost of Foreign exchange risk management which was approximately 1% of each member's GDP. It was possible that members has maintained a stable level of inflation and stimulate investment and employment with low interest rate. In addition, they could lead to economic growth and investment as well as increase the Euro demand in financial market. Especially, members has used the Euro as the method of payment on trade each other so that the volume of trade among the Eurozone members has increased continuously which was called "the effect of single market." This paper analyzes the correlation between using the Euro and members' export/import by using random effect estimation and fixed effect estimation. As a result, Eurozone members can get export decreasing effect of 4.68% and import increasing effect of 10.5% respectively on average by using the Euro.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.153-195
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• 2010

The recent global financial crisis has been the outcome of, among other things, the mismatch between institutions and the reality of the market in the current global financial system. The International financial institutions (IFIs) that were designed more than 60 years ago can no longer effectively meet the challenges posed by the current global economy. While the global financial market has become integrated like a single market, there is no international lender of last resort or global regulatory body. There also has been a rapid shift in the weight of economic power. The share of the Group of 7 (G7) countries in global gross domestic product (GDP) fell and the share of emerging market economies increased rapidly. Therefore, the tasks facing us today are: (i) to reform the IFIs -mandate, resources, management, and governance structure; (ii) to reform the system such as the international monetary system (IMS), and regulatory framework of the global financial system; and (iii) to reform global economic governance. The main focus of this paper will be the IMS reform and the role of the Group of Twenty (G20) summit meetings. The current IMS problems can be summarized as follows. First, the demand for foreign reserve accumulation has been increasing despite the movement from fixed exchange rate regimes to floating rate regimes some 40 years ago. Second, this increasing demand for foreign reserves has been concentrated in US dollar assets, especially public securities. Third, as the IMS relies too heavily on the supply of currency issued by a center country (the US), it gives an exorbitant privilege to this country, which can issue Treasury bills at the lowest possible interest rate in the international capital market. Fourth, as a related problem, the global financial system depends too heavily on the center country's ability to maintain the stability of the value of its currency and strength of its own financial system. Fifth, international capital flows have been distorted in the current IMS, from EMEs and developing countries where the productivity of capital investment is higher, to advanced economies, especially the US, where the return to capital investment is lower. Given these problems, there have been various proposals to reform the current IMS. They can be grouped into two: demand-side and supply-side reform. The key in the former is how to reduce the widespread strong demand for foreign reserve holdings among EMEs. There have been several proposals to reduce the self-insurance motivation. They include third-party insurance and the expansion of the opportunity to borrow from a global and regional reserve pool, or access to global lender of last resort (or something similar). However, the first option would be too costly. That leads us to the second option - building a stronger globalfinancial safety net. Discussions on supply-side reform of the IMS focus on how to diversify the supply of international reserve currency. The proposals include moving to a multiple currency system; increased allocation and wider use of special drawing rights (SDR); and creating a new global reserve currency. A key question is whether diversification should be encouraged among suitable existing currencies, or if it should be sought more with global reserve assets, acting as a complement or even substitute to existing ones. Each proposal has its pros and cons; they also face trade-offs between desirability and political feasibility. The transition would require close collaboration among the major players. This should include efforts at the least to strengthen policy coordination and collaboration among the major economies, and to reform the IMF to make it a more effective institution for bilateral and multilateral surveillance and as an international lender of last resort. The success on both fronts depends heavily on global economic governance reform and the role of the G20. The challenge is how to make the G20 effective. Without institutional innovations within the G20, there is a high risk that its summits will follow the path of previous summit meetings, such as G7/G8.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.75-92
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• 1999

In this study, the present state of fiscal crisis for local governments after IMF is analyzed, firstly. its implications Characteristics of structural reform of finance after IMF bailout in Korea are examined, secondly. Since Korea was shocked by the currency crisis at the end of 1997, its local governments have also faced fiscal difficulties. The Depression of national and local economies led to decreases in tax revenues of local governments. And these shrunken revenues led to their expenditure cuts. Many investment plans were curtailed, and ordinary expenditures were also reduced sharply. The negative influences of the currency crisis on local government's finances can be examined in terms of fiscal revenue, fiscal spending, and debt burden. As a result many local governments are now experiencing fiscal stress, and some of them are even faced with fiscal crisis although the possibility of extreme measures, such as moratoriums or bankruptcies, is very slim. This is due in part to the weight of debt in local governments' budgets having remained small since the debt of local governments has been controlled by the central government. Another reason is that, central government, which functions as a lender of last resort for the local governments, will pay the debt for them. Also, without a legal system which stipulates the adjudication of bankruptcy for municipalities in Korea, local Korean governments have no legal right to declare bankruptcy. Although not a single municipality has fallen into insolvency, yet, this trend will continue to deepen as the recession continues and may lead to a situation where manu local governments fall into virtual bankruptcy in the near future, and its effects on society, as a whole, will be serious. Therefore, measures to prevent and overcome such an extreme situation are necessary, but both short-and long-term policies should be to cope with the current fiscal crisis and to prevent the deepening of the current situation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.240-243
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• 2004

Recently, in the global and digital business environment, we are in need of a single window through which we can exchange market information, make a contract, exchange foreign currency, clear customs and settle accounts. The "e-Trade platform" provides all the stakeholders in international trading circles with these series of trading processes by use of any available information technologies in an effective and seamless manner. The platform collectively includes e-trade infrastructures(e-trade documents repository, e-trade messaging system, e-trade standard documents repository) enabling small and medium sized companies as well as large enterprises to interface with government organizations and global trading institutions. The IT levels of the trading companies are significantly important in terms of benefiting the quality services from the e-trade platform.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1996.06c
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• pp.228-237
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• 1996

On the basis of a brief introduction of the mechanized dry farming in Heilongjiang Province, the author states the developing process from the combination of single technics of farm machinery and agronomy to the technical assembly of high yield cultivation technics and its mathematical expression. According to the main temperature accumulated zones, 5 typical comprehensive technical assembly models for the mechanized cultivation technics and their agricultural machinery systems have been listed. They are, the Heihe " 261" wheat and soybean model : the Yi'an big ridge double row film mulching corn model : the Yongchang high yield mechanized soybean and other grain crops six year rotation model for Keshan state farms. The author conclude that the application of mechanized high yield cultivation technical assembly is the key point to transform the Heilongjiang province from big agriculture to strong agriculture, we have to take " high yield , high quality , high efficiency , s stain -ability and earning foreign currency" as the general target and carry out the corresponding policy and measures for the further development of agricuture.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.165-178
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• 2018

Exchanging information with a person without credentials over the Internet does not pose any problems. A decentralized system based on blockchain technology enables the user to exchange new value(currency) with other uncredited users. The blockchain technology creates a new paradigm in which the distribution system can be founded on trust. Various applied distribution systems are being developed based on this paradigm. This study analyzed the problems between an institute's grading system and the central administration system. The limitations of an institute's current central management system were presented through actual cases. To improve the problem, a decentralized system based on block chain technology was presented in order to overcome the fundamental limitations by utilizing blockchain technology, peer-to-peer network, and the distribution system. In the central system, a malicious moderator could create a malicious edit that becomes the cause of a dispute, but in a decentralized system, a problem cannot be created even if there were to be a malicious moderator. However, it is difficult for a single college institute to create a distribution system in order to actualize an effective system. Comparatively, it would be possible to create a decentralized system in which all educational institutes in Korea (elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, colleges) took part in. The application of a decentralized system would improve the public transparency and reliability of educational institutes.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.47
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• pp.185-212
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• 2010

This study aims to derive practical suggestions to apply application methods by auxiliary costs, especially application of logistics and customs clearance areas in order to establish EPS support system of auxiliary cost occurred from export/import. For the propose, this study has analyzed types and situation of auxiliary costs, application method by auxiliary costs, payment situation of logistics auxiliary costs and clearance auxiliary costs and suggested the relevant problems and their application methods. Especially, in case of logistics auxiliary costs through connection to the attached general documents required for negotiation by reflecting characteristics of B2B transactions. In addition, it has suggested that those services by the said system should be conveniently used commonly by the export companies and logistics companies through provision of various payment measures, support of foreign currency payment, etc. and security of reliability/system stability, etc. for the compatible payment with other systems as the prerequisite for the successful settlement of the auxiliary costs EPS. It is expected that satisfaction of the uTradeHub users such as export/import companies and logistics companies will be increased, user-oriented customized information services such as raw cost prediction service through calculation of auxiliary costs could be available in the future and efficiency of work processes related to auxiliary costs will be increased, by providing the EPS through various single window based payment measures through establishment of the export/import auxiliary costs payment system.

• Journal of KIISE:Databases
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.257-271
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• 2008

Wireless broadcast environments has character that a number of mobile client can receive data streaming from central server no matter how they are so many. Because it is asymmetric bandwidth in that uplink and downlink bandwidth are different. This advantage helps wireless broadcast environments is used in many applications. These applications work almost read operation and need control concurrency using transaction unit. Previous concurrency control scheme in single channel is not adapted in multi channel environments because consistency of data are broken when a mobile client tunes in a broadcast cycle in a channel and then move into another channel and listen to different broadcast cycle with already accessed broadcast cycle. In this paper, we propose concurrency control for read-only mobile transactions in multiple wireless broadcast channel. First of all, we adapt index and data dedicated channel and propose LBCPC(Longest Broadcast Cycle Per Channel) as new unit of consistency. In index dedicated channel, it is repeatedly broadcasted data in same BCPC(Broadcast Cycle Per Channel) until LBCPC. And mobile transaction executes validation using control information every LBCPC. As a result, consistency of data is kept and average response time is shorter than one in single channel because waiting time for restart reduces. And as control information is broadcasted more frequently than in single channel, it is guaranteed currency about data accessed by transaction. Finally, according to the simulation result, we verify performance of our scheme in multi channel as comparing average response time with single channel.