• 한국정보처리학회논문지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.1112-1119
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• 1999

디지털 워터마킹(digital watermarking)이란 영상이나 비디오, 오디오, 텍스트 등의 저작물에 잘 식별되지 않는 표시를 삽입하여 저작권을 보호하는 방법으로 소유권자의 동의 없이 저작물을 배포, 복사되는 것을 방지하는 방법이다. 주파수 공간에서의 적응형(adaptive) 워터마킹 알고리즘을 제안한다. 본 논문에서는 워터마크를 삽입하기 위해서 사인(sin)함수와 코사인(cos)함수를 이용한 푸리에(Fourier) 급수전개를 이용하였다. 우선, 원 이미지를 주파수 영역을 변환한 다음 워터마크를 삽입할 위치를 저주파 대역으로 한정지어 결정하였으며, M 개의 파형을 가장 직교성(orthogonality)이 좋다고 하는 사인함수와 코사인함수를 이용하여 푸리에 급수 전개를 하였다. 이때, 사인과 코사인의 n 차 고조파는 Random Sequence를 발생하여 결정하였다. 제안한 알고리즘은 이와 같이 푸리에급수전개를 했을 때 각 항의 푸리에 계수를 산출하여 이 푸리에계수에 워터 마크를 삽입하였다. 실험결과 JPEG 압축, 블러링(Bluring), 노이즈 삽입 등의 이미지 왜곡에 대하여 워터마크 상관관계가 최소 0.5467에서 최대 0.9507까지의 견고성(robustness)을 보였다. 본 논문에서는 256$\times$256 크기의 8비트 256 명암값(gray-level)을 갖는 Lenna 이미지를 이용하였다.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2002

일반적으로 유도 전동기 가변속 운전할 때 인버터의 스위칭 작용으로 많은 고조파가 포함되어 전동기의 고조파 손실, 토크 맥동, 전자기적 소음 및 진동 등을 초래하게 된다. 이와 같은 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 부분공진 벅 컨버터와 3상 전압형 SPWM 인버터 회로를 유도전동기 운전시스템에 적용하였다. 제안한 회로의 입력전류를 거의 단위 역률로 정현파화하기 위해 동작 조건을 다양하게 변화시켰으며 커패시터는 보조다이오드와 전력스위칭에 적절히 배열하여 전원측으로 전압을 회생시켜 공급하였다. 그리고 전압반전기능을 부가하는 것에 의해 전원전압 극성 반전시 입력전류의 변형 최소화함으로서 역률 및 효율이 개선시켰다. 또한 출력 필터를 이용하여 출력선간전압의 고조파 성분을 감소하였으며, 상태공간 해석을 도입하여 정류기의 동작을 예측하였다. 이러한 모든 사항은 시뮬레이션과 실험을 통하여 그 타당성을 확인하였다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1992

Various soil behaviors usually occurring in the geotechnical problems, such as, cutting and embankments, stability of slope, seepage, consolidations, shearing failures and liquefaction, should be predicted and analyzed in any way. An approach of these predictions may be followed by the development of the constitutive equations as first and subsequently solved by numerical methods. The purpose of this paper is develop the constitutive equation of sands uder monotonic or cyclic loadings. The constitutive equation which is based on elasto-plastic theory, modified anisotropic consolidated stress parameter by Sekiguchi et al and Pender's theory is derived. And the equation is included a new stress parameter, hardening function, Bauschinger's effects and Pender's theory. The model is later evaluated and confirmed the validity by the test data of Ottawa sand, Banwol sand Hongseong sand. The following conclustions may be drawn: 1. The consititutive equation which is based on elasto-plastic theory, modified anisotropic consolidated stress parpameter by Sekiguchi et al and Pender's theory is derived. The equation in included a new stress parameter, hardening function, Bauschinger's effect and Pender's theory. 2. For Ottawa sand, the result of the constitutive equation shows a better agreement than that of Oka et al. The result of axial strain agrees well with the tested data. However, the result of horizontal strain is little bit off for the cyclic loadings or large stress. It is thought that the deviation may be improved by considering Poisson's ratio and precise measurement of shear modulus. 3. Banwol sand is used for the strain and stress tests with different relative densitites and confining pressures. The predeicted result shows a good agreement with the tested data because the required material parameters were directly measurd and determined form this laboratory. 4. For Hongseong sand, the tests under same amplitude of cyclic deviatoric stress shows a similar result with the tested data in absolute strain. It shows the acute shape of turning point because the sine wave of input is used in the test but the serrated wave in prediction.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.393-401
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• 2013

Spherical harmonics power spectrum of the geopotential field of Gaussian-bell type on the sphere was investigated using integral formula that is associated with Legendre polynomials. The geopotential field of Gaussian-bell type is defined as a function of sine of angular distance from the bell's center in order to guarantee the continuity on the global domain. Since the integral-formula associated with the Legendre polynomials was represented with infinite series of polynomial, an estimation method was developed to make the procedure computationally efficient while preserving the accuracy. The spherical harmonics power spectrum was shown to vary significantly depending on the scale parameter of the Gaussian bell. Due to the accurate procedure of the new method, the power (degree variance) spanning over orders that were far higher than machine roundoff was well explored. When the scale parameter (or width) of the Gaussian bell is large, the spectrum drops sharply with the total wavenumber. On the other hand, in case of small scale parameter the spectrum tends to be flat, showing very slow decaying with the total wavenumber. The accuracy of the new method was compared with theoretical values for various scale parameters. The new method was found advantageous over discrete numerical methods, such as Gaussian quadrature and Fourier method, in that it can produce the power spectrum with accuracy and computational efficiency for all range of total wavenumber. The results of present study help to determine the allowable maximum scale parameter of the geopotential field when a Gaussian-bell type is adopted as a localized function.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제71권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2019

During the last two decades, much joint research regarding vibration based methods has been done, leading to developing various algorithms and techniques. These algorithms and techniques can be divided into modal methods and signal methods. Although modal methods have been widely used for health monitoring and damage detection, signal methods due to higher efficiency have received considerable attention in various fields, including aerospace, mechanical and civil engineering. Signal-based methods are derived directly from the recorded responses through signal processing algorithms to detect damage. According to different signal processing techniques, signal-based methods can be divided into three categories including time domain methods, frequency domain methods, and time-frequency domain methods. The frequency domain methods are well-known and interest in using them has increased in recent years. To determine dynamic behaviours, to identify systems and to detect damages of bridges, different methods and algorithms have been proposed by researchers. In this study, a new algorithm to detect seismic damage in the bridge's piers is suggested. To evaluate the algorithm, an analytical model of a bridge with simple spans is used. Based on the algorithm, before and after damage, the bridge is excited by a sine force, and the piers' responses are measured. The dynamic specifications of the bridge are extracted by Power Spectral Density function. In addition, the Least Square Method is used to detect damage in the bridge's piers. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm can identify the seismic damage effectively. The algorithm is output-only method and measuring the excitation force is not needed. Moreover, the proposed approach does not need numerical models.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.151-157
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• 2022

차량의 진행을 근사화한 외부 가진력을 고려한 강제 진동에서의 주파수 특성을 알아보고자 하였고, 다양한 가진 진폭과 주파수를 갖는 외력이 작용하면서 차량이 둔턱을 넘어갈 때에 차량에서 일어나는 주파수 영역의 진동특성을 분석하였다. 응답은 수치해석을 통하여 변위, 속도 및 가속도 등의 응답을 구하였고 이들을 FFT 처리하여 각 시간 응답의 FRF(Frequency response function) 주파수 특성을 분석하였다. 특히, 차량 고유모드와 외부 가진 모드의 발생 위치를 확실하게 비교하여 밝혔고 외부 가진력에 의한 강제진동 모델에서 변위, 속도 및 가속도의 거동과 주파수 응답함수에서의 고유모드의 위치와 주변의 가진 모드 분포 및 파워 스펙트럼, 실수부와 허수부의 FRF도 나타났으며 각 FRF에서 근접 모드 특성도 분석하였다. 외부 가진력으로 정현파의 가진력과 임펄스 가진력에 의한 둔턱 주파수를 고려하여 가정한 근사 모델에서 발생 모드를 구별할 수 있었다. 상당하는 질량, 감쇠 및 강성을 변화하는 여러 시스템에서 강제진동의 응답특성을 체계적으로 다루었다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

푸리에 급수는 사인 곡선처럼 일정한 진폭으로 진동하는 정규파(wave)를 사용한다. 그래서 푸리에 급수에서 사용하는 함수는 진동수의 크기가 시간에 따라 변하지 않기 때문에 국부적인 영역에서 급작스런 진동이나 불연속성을 갖는 신호를 표현하기에는 한계가 있다. 그러나 이러한 푸리에 해석의 단점을 여러개의 적절한 웨이블렛의 선형조합에 의해 보완할 수 있는 것이 웨이블렛 급수해석이다. 시간에 집중되어진 궤적의 작은 잔파(wavelet)를 사용함으로써 시간과 주기의 폭을 변화시킬 수 있기 때문에 유동적이고, 특이(singular)형상을 지닌 신호들을 보다 효율적으로 표현할 수 있다. 이 연구의 주요 목적은 웨이블렛 급수해석이라고 불리는 방법을 2계 편미분방정식으로 표현되는 1차원 축방향 부재에 웨이블렛 이론을 적용함과 동시에 유한요소법과 같은 수치해석법과의 비교를 통해 성능평가를 위해 제안되었다. 여러 형태의 웨이블렛 함수의 검토 후에 HAT 함수가 웨이블렛 및 스케일링 함수로 채택되었다. 등분포하중을 받는 경우의 축방향 부재해석에서 제안된 방법은 유한요소법과 같이 효율적임을 보이며, 특히 응력특이점에서는 더 정확한 값을 보였으며, 계산시간도 절약되는 장점을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.18-25
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• 2013

Recently the requirement of long-term mobile energy source for mobile robot or small-sized unmanned vehicle is highly increased, and the micro turbine generator(MTG) which is known to have high energy and power density is under development. MTG is designed to have air foil bearing and high speed rotor of which operating speed is 400,000rpm. In the development stage of high speed rotor and bearing, stability analysis for the full operational speed range is essential and the dynamic coefficients such as stiffness and damping coefficients of bearing depending on the rotational speed are required for that. Although perturbation method is usually used to identify the dynamic coefficients, it's not easy to give the perturbation to the high speed rotating rotor. In this study, we present the dynamic coefficients measurement system for air foil bearing which consists of electromagnets, gap sensors, high speed motor and controller. This measurement system can exert the sine sweep force to the rotor-bearing, measure the displacement of rotor and get FRF(Frequency response function) of rotor-bearing. The least square estimation method is applied to identify the dynamic coefficients of bearing from the measured frequency response at the different rpm and the identified dynamic coefficients for the wide rotational speed range are presented.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2020

In this study, the effect of the shape error of a guideway on the movement of a stage that uses an air bearing is analyzed. The shape error of moving parts supported by the air bearing is known not to affect the vibrations of moving parts as much as the magnitude of the shape error. This is called the "averaging effect." In this study, the effect of shape error on a guideway, as well as the averaging effect of an air-bearing system, is analyzed theoretically using a dynamic-analysis program. The dynamic-analysis program applies a commercially available code in COMSOL and solves the Reynolds equation between the stage and the guideway, along with the equation of motion of the stage. The stage is modeled as a two-degree-of-freedom system. The shape error is applied to the film thickness function in the form of a sine wave. The stage movement is analyzed using the fast Fourier transform process. The eccentricity and tilting are found to be proportional to the amplitude of the shape error of the guideway. Stage vibrations are less than 10% of the amplitude of the shape error on the guideway. This means that the averaging effect of the air bearing is verified quantitatively. Moreover, if the air supply position matches the shape error in the guideway, there is a notable change in eccentricity and tilting.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.57-71
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• 2002

Cervical pain is a rapid increase that is owing to a flexion-extension whiplash injury, unappropriated posture, chronical repetition injury from abdominal position of head and neck, excessive repeating work, chronical deficiency of excercise. Because of that is bring about muscle unbalance, tightness of cervical extensor muscle, weakness of cervical deep flexor muscles, instability of cervical region and reduction of proprioceptive sensor. Recent the role of muscle is more emphasized for preservation of sine stabilization. And cognition of integrated muscular system, importance for the operation and relation is increased to maintain stability of the motor system and pertinent function. Therefore we are going to introduce the sling exercise and stabilization exercise method for advanced efficient of cervical and upper limb and for the muscle strengthening to importance cervical stabilization through neurological program as control the reaction of cervical stabilization. Sling exercise therapy(SET) concept consists of a system of diagnosis and treatment. The system of diagnosis involves testing the muscle's tolerance through progressive loading in open and close kinetic chains. The SET system contains elements such as relaxation, increasing the range of movement, traction, training the stabilizing musculature, sensory-motor exercises, training in open and close kinetic chains, dynamic training of the mobilizing musculature, cardiovascular exercise, group exercise, personal exercise at home Sensory-motor training is an essential element of the SET concept. The emphasis is on closed kinetic chain exercise on an unstable surface, there by achieving optimum stimulation of the sensory-motor apparatus.