• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2007

Objectives: This study attempted to understand the relationship between handwashing knowledge, attitude and practice of middle school students and to provide the basic information for handwashing training of the students and help them to form a healthy habit. Methods: Data was collected by a standardized self-administered questionnaire between Sep. 20 to Oct. 6 2006 with a total of 710 students in 1, 2, 3 grades at 6 middle schools in metropolitan cities(490 students from four schools situated in an urban center, 220 from 2 in a suburban district). The data was then analyzed using the SPSS WIN 12.0 program, employing many statistical techniques such as chi-square($x^2$) test, t-test, ANOVA analysis with post hoc test, correlations analysis, and regression analysis. Results: The results of the study were as follows. First, total number of handwashing times of middle school students is 6.69 per day. 66.1% of the students used soap and most of the students washed hands for $6{\sim}10$ seconds(44.7%). Second, in the knowledge of handwashing, "both of the parents"(p<0.01), "catholic", "city"(p<0.05) were the highest and the practice of handwashing was active with "city", "high economic level"(p<0.05) and "both of the parents"(p<0.01). In the experience of teaching handwashing, "Yes" was 24.3% which was statistically significant with handwashing knowledge(p<0.05), attitude and practice(p<0.01). Third, in the correlation of handwashing knowledge, attitude and practice, there was statistical significancy between handwashing attitude and knowledge(p<0.01) and showed positive correlation with the knowledge(.534). The practice of handwashing has meaningful difference from the knowledge and the attitude and the coefficient of correlation shows positive co-relation in knowledge(.335) and attitude(0525). Fourth, based on the result for regression analysis with handwashing knowledge, attitude and practice as dependent variables, handwashing knowledge showed statistical significancy with sex, type of school(p<0.05) and residential area(p<0.01). There were also statistical significancy between handwashing attitude and knowledge(p<0.01) and between handwashing practice and religion, knowledge(p<0.05) and economic level, attitude(p<0.01). Conclusion: There were consistent results with handwashing knowledge, attitude and practice. If they had better knowledge, their attitude was more positive and if they had better knowledge and more positive attitude, their practice was active. The knowledge, attitude and practice of the students who learned about handwashing were higher than those of the students who had no experience of learning handwashing. To enhance handwashing habit of middle school students, the handwashing environment should be maintained. The training plans should also be made according to sex, type of school, economic level, residential area, and the consistent study on handwashing training is required.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.37-49
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• 1998

To make a objective diagnosis of the syndrome of cold-limbs, We investigated the 20 patients with cold limbs and GI trouble and 20 normal people as a control group. And we compared the thermal difference between Chon-jung(CV17) and Chung-wan(CV12 中脘), Chon-jung(CV17) and Ki-hae(氣海 CV6) and we compared the thermal differences of No-gung(PE8 勞宮) and Yong-chon(湧泉 KI1), too. The results were as follows. 1. All 20 patients had GI trouble and cold limbs. They had the symptom-Indigestion(16 cases-80%) with heart burn, tympanites, abdominal distention, hiccup, belching. Beside that symptom they also had constipation(6 cases-30%), diarrhea(3 cases-15%), headache & dizziness(6 cases-30%). And some had the menstrual syndrome, chronic fatigue, palpitation, insomnia, edema, arthralgia. 2. The thermal difference of the palms between the patients group and the control group were $25.70^{\circ}C,\;25.82^{\circ}C$, but they were not significant. 3. The thermal difference of the soles between the patients group and the control group were $23.58^{\circ}C,\;24.42^{\circ}C$ and the significancy was P=0.020 so it was significant(P<0.05). 4. The thermal difference of the palms and Chon-jung(CV17) between the patients group and the control group were $1.08^{\circ}C,\;0.76^{\circ}C$, but they were not significant. 5. The thermal difference of the sales and Chon-jung(CV17) between the patients group and the control group were $3.01^{\circ}C,\;1.90^{\circ}C$ and the significancy was P=0.003 so it was significant(P<0.05). 6. The thermal difference of Chon-jung(CV17) and Chung-wan(CV12 中脘) between the patients group and the control group was $0.30^{\circ}C,\;0.62^{\circ}C$ and the significancy was P=0.793 so it was significant(P<0.05). 7. The thermal difference of Chon-jung(CV17) and Ki-hae(CV6 氣海) between the patients group and the control group was $0.53^{\circ}C,\;0.68^{\circ}C$, but they were not significant. From the above, I could find the significance of D.I.T.I to diagnose the cold-feet not the cold-hands and the thermal difference between the trunk and limbs was more significant on cold-feet than on cold-hand, either.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.68-82
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of our study was to show the effects of Hwalhyulmaksung-bang (Huoxiemoxing-fang, HHMSB) treatment on cBSA-induced in MN Mouse Model. Methods: We divided the 20 mice into 4 groups. One group, named NR, was not treated. The second group, named CT, was treated with cBSA (7mg/kg i.p) only. The third group, named HH-250, was treated with cBSA (7mg/kg i.p) and HHMSB extract (250mg/kg, p.o). The fourth group, named HH-500, was treated with cBSA (7mg/kg i.p) and HHMSB extract (500mg/kg, p.o). 4 weeks after cBSA, proteinuria, serum albumin, total cholesterol, serum creatinine, BUN, total cell number of spleen and kidney of all groups were measured. CD3e+/CD19+ and CD4+/CD8 cells ratio of peripheral blood, kidney and spleen of all groups were analyzed. $IL-1{\beta}$ and TNF-$\alpha$, IL-6, IgG, IgM, and IFN-$\gamma$ levels of all groups were gauged. Histological analysis of kidney tissue and immunohistochemical staining (CD4, CD8) of kidney were observed. Results: The level of proteinuria significantly decreased and serum albumin increased in the group treated with cBSA and HHMSB extract compared with the control. Total cholesterol decreased but not significantly. CD3e+/CD19cells ratio of peripheral blood is decreased, but CD4+/CD8cells ratio has no significancy. CD3e+/CD19+ and CD4+/CD8 cells percentage of kidney and spleen has no significancy. Level of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 is significantly decreased, and IFN-$\gamma$ is significantly increased on HHMSB compared with control. Total IgG level significantly decreased on HHMSB compared with the control. Thickness of GBM decreased on histological analysis of kidney. Deposition of CD4 and CD8 decreased on immunohistochemical staining of kidney. Conclusions: We conclude that Hwalhyulmaksung-bang treatment may could be a useful remedy agents for treating Membranous Neuropathy(MN) induced by cationized bovine serum albumin.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.215-230
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Bojungikgitang(補中益氣湯), Soeumin bojungikgitang(少陰人 補中益氣湯) and its component groups on diabetes in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing $200{\pm}10\;gm$ were randomly assigned to one normal, one control and five experimental groups. The experimental groups was classified into to Bojungikgitang(B1 group), Soeumin bojungikgitang(B2 group), Bogihyulyak(B0 group), Siho-sengma(B1+ group) and Gwakhyang- soyeup(B2+ group). Diabetes was experimentally induced by abdomenal injection of 100 mg/kg of body weight of alloxan. Animals were sacrificed at the 6th day and 11th day of diabetic states. The results were obtained as follows: In carbohydrate metabolism, the level of glucose in control group was three-fold higher after alloxan injection than that of normal group. In B1, B2 groups the level of glucose was decreased by 39% and 43% compared with that of control group, and in component groups it was decreased by 73%, 81%, and 80% respectively. In fat metabolism, the level of triglyceride and total cholesterol in serum were lower in B1 and B2 groups with high significant difference and had similar tendency in components groups compared with that of control group. The level of HDL cholesterol on serum were increased in B1 and B2 group with significant difference. And in component group it had similar tendency compared with that of control group. In protein metabolism, the level of total protein and albumin were higher in B1 and B2 group with significant difference, and in component group also increased but with no significancy compared with control group. In kidney function, the level of creatinine group with significant difference, and other compared with control group. In liver function, the level of GOT, GPT, ${\gamma}$-GTP. ALP and bilirubin were lower in B1 and B2 group with significant difference, and in component had similar tendency compared with control group. But in the level of LDH, it was decreased with no significancy. These results indicate that Bojungikgitang(補中益氣湯), Soeumin bojungikgitang(少陰人 補中益氣湯) has strong effect on diabetes and it is useful to prevent diabetes, and in component groups the difference between B1+ and B2+ group was not significant.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to examine whether balance training through stabilization exercise had influence on the improvement of stroke patients' ability in balancing, and to understand whether the effects had the differences to traditional balance training, if it had effects. Subjects were divided into two groups, a stabilization exercise group(n=28) and a conventional balance exercise group (n=28), and a balance exercise program was conducted twice a day, 30 min for 1 time, 10 times a week for 4 weeks. After the program, the stabilization exercise showed significant improvement of balance ability in Bug Balance Scales (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), comparing with the status of pre －training, as well as the conventional balance training (p<.05). Independent samples t－test was executed in order to verify the significancy in the effects between the two groups and the result showed significant improvement in their average value after training for BBS. However, there was no significant difference in TUG and FRT. As a result, it was examined that partially, there was significant difference only in BBS. According to the results as presented above, if stabilization exercise, which can apply diverse movements and postures, properly keeps pace with conventional balance exercise, stroke patients would obtain significant effects on the improvement of balance ability.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1995

In generally speaking, the purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) is to give the environment its due place in the decision-making process by clearly ealuating the environmental consequence of a proposed activity before action is taken. The introduction of conventional EIA is to be seen as an end product of a very long evolutionary process, starting with rudimentary but evolving pollution control measures for air, water, noise, land and chemicals, each governed by separate, and separately administered pieces of legislation. In EIA process, the measures of status, scoping, proposed mitigation and communication have not been very quantitative in their significancy. Of course, the determinations have uncertainity in the implications for significant impacts. To improve the determination of significant impacts, some more comprehensive methodologies of EIA has been proposed with the concepts of risk analysis in the proposed projects. The concepts of risk analysis has been introduced to the expression of human health impairment due to environmental pollutants since the early 1980's. The risk analysis being meant by the statistical significance of impact has a process quantitatively considering uncertainities and importances of ecological systems and human health as well. The process of risk analysis shows assessment, doseresponse in toxicity, exposure assessment and risk characterization. With the risk assessment, it could be suggested for the proper measurements against their anticipated risk in the EIA. This paper deals the priciples developing process and application of the risk-based analysis in EIA.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.278-286
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was designed to analyze the correlation on body image, self-esteem and self-efficacy of Female Students in College. Method: The research population included convenience sample of 696 subjects composed of Female Students in College. Data collection was done from July, 2002 to October, 2002 using a written inquiry. The data were analyzed by using t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. Result: The results of this study were as follows: 1. The relationship among body image, self-esteem and self-efficacy were found to have statistically significant positive correlations. 2. The difference of body image, self-esteem and self-efficacy according to the characteristics in subjects were found to have statistically significancy of grade, age, personality and degree of adaptation. The difference of body image according to the monthly income of the family was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between grade, age, personality, and monthly income. Further study needs to be done to validate this study and develop degrees of adaptation to improve body image, self-esteem and self-efficacy.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2020

This study seeks to analyze the effect of Non-Performing Loans and Capital Adequacy Ratio on Return on Assets on ten conventional banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI-IDX). This study uses secondary panel data for 2015-2019 in the form of CAR and NPL values from ten conventional banks listed on the BEI-IDX during the 2020 observation period. The research approach is quantitative descriptive with data analysis methods, namely, linear regression. The testing phase of this study includes: transform value, F-test, T-test and hypothesis test with significancy level sig < 0.05. The results of this study reveal that Non-Performing Loans had a significant negative effect (t = -2,637) (0.011 <0.0) on Return on Assets, while Capital Adequacy Ratio has no significant effect on ROA (0.760 > 0.05). R2 value is 0.128 or 12.8%. It has a significant effect on variables, calling efforts by banks, governments, and authorities monetary of related institutions to maintain the stability of finance. The reduction of Non-Performing Loan impacts on assets and capital adequacy ratio, besides, the normal NPL will control the stability of finance. If a balance is created either in the form of values or amounts of the variables, the reduction in Non-Performing Loans will be controlled.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.177-197
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• 2004

1. The values of Cronbach's alpha for the Taeyang, Taeum, Soyang and Soeum questionnaire were 0.7955, 0.7776, 0.8545, and 0.8601 respectively. These results indicate a highly satisfactory level of internal consistency for the questionnaire. 2. If the deletion of an item increases Cronbach's alpha then what that means is that the deletion of that item improves reliability. Therefore, any items that result in substantially greater values of alpha than the overall alpha may need to be deleted from the questionnaire to improve its reliability. 3. Factor analysis was performed on the 81 questionnaires. Based on the scree plot and the number and decrement of eigen values greater than one, three to four factor solution was most significant. 4. The hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the 81 Sasang constitution questionnaire. These results suggested that two or four clusters identified with homogeneous groups 5. The hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the 1046 responders. These results suggested that two, three, or four clusters might identified with homogeneous groups. Furthemore, there were statistically significant difference among the each group by ANOVA(P<0.0001).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2005

Objectives : This study is to evaluate the efficacy of Hominis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture(HPA) on dysmenorrhea. Methods : Volunteers of fourteen subjects who used to feel pains in menstrual period were employed to answer the questionnaire. Subjects were divided into two groups Hominis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture(HPA) treatment group(Sample Group) and Normal Saline(N/S) treatment group(Control Group). HPA and N/S were injected on the Cheonchu(ST25), Gwanwon(CV4), Joksamni(ST36) and Hyeolhae(SP10) acupuncture points. Subjects were treated depending on menstrual period, two times a weeks, in total four times after ovulation cycle. Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging(D.I.T.I.) was taken and Visual Analog Scale(VAS) was examined before and after each treatment. Results : The VAS score of Sample Group were decreased significantly compared to that of Control Group.(p<0.05) The changes of difference of abdominal mean temperature of Control Group and Sample Group were significancy. HPA therapy reduced difference of right and left abdomial thermal temperature more than N/S therapy in dysmenorrheic patients. Conclusion : The Hominis Placenta Herbal Acupuncture therapy may be good effects on the Dysmenorrhea.