• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.599-605
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• 2016

In this study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics (Exp. I) of bedding materials such as rice hulls (RH), sawdust (SD), wood shavings (WS) and sawdust+wood shavings (S+W; 1:1 in volume), and utilization of these beddings except RH (Exp. II) for rearing beef cattle. In Exp. I, the distribution of particle size (%) with $250{\mu}m$ and below $250{\mu}m$ was greater (p<0.05) in SD (30.4) than RH (4.4), WS (18.8) and S+W (20.1). Bulk density ($kg/m^3$) of bedding materials was directly proportional to the percentage of $250{\mu}m$ and below $250{\mu}m$ particles, 178, 46, 112, and 88 for SD, WD, S+W and RH, respectively. Water absorption rate (%) after submersion in water for 24 h was higher (p<0.05) in WS (540.2) compared to SD (270.2), S+W (368.2). The S+W had an intermediate value of the absorption rate between SD and WS, but had an outstanding durability of water absorption capacity. Moisture evaporation rate (%) for 12 h was higher (p<0.05) in WS (75.4) than SD (70.5), S+W (72.2) and RH (57.8). Average ammonia emission ($mg/m^2/h$) for 36 h was higher (p<0.05) in RH (3.15) than SD (1.70), WS (1.63), and S+W (1.73). In Exp. II, thirty six Hanwoo cows were allocated in 9 pens with one side on feed bunk side (Side A) and another side equipped with water supply (Side B) for 3 weeks with duplicated periods. Average moisture concentrations (%) of beddings were higher (p<0.05) in WS (side A, 65.7; side B, 57.9) than SD (side A, 62.5; side B, 52.2) and S+W (side A, 61.6; side B, 50.7). Regardless of types of beddings, moisture concentrations (%) of beddings within a pen were lower (p<0.05) at side B than A, implying longer period of utilization. These results suggest that using S+W would be a better choice than SD or WS alone, considering physicochemical characteristics and economics, and RH is not a suitable material as a bedding for beef cattle.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.207-216
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• 1996

A geochemical study of three piston cores (ST.4, ST.6 and ST.20) taken from the Northwest Pacific (eastern edge of Shikoku Basin) provides information about changes in surface water paleoproductivity and sedimentation during the last 127 kys. Paleoproductivity variations were estimated on the basis of total organic carbon content and carbonate mass accumulation rate. The paleoproductivity based on total organic carbon shows significant spatial variations between glacial and interglacial periods. During the last glacial maximum (LGM) paleoproductivity increased about 1.5 times with deglaciation decrease compared with those of the Holocene at inner side of the Shikoku Basin (ST.4 and ST.6). On the other hand, paleoproductivity at outer side of Shikoku Basin (ST.20) indicating not distinctive increase but deglaciation increase. The C/N ratios fall below 10 for cores ST.4 and ST.6, but C/N ratios between 100 ka and 80 ka in ST.20 which show around 10 or larger values suggest a predominance of marine organic carbon with some admixture of terrigenous materials. The carbonate mass accumulation rate of three cores show different patterns of calcareous record with respect to organic carbon based paleoproductivity variation. In the inner side of Shikoku Basin (ST.4 and ST.6) the carbonate mass accumulation rate decreased during last glacial maximum, and significant increase of carbonate mass accumulation rate is recognized at outer side of Shikoku Basin (ST.20). Thus, this set of data reveals that spatial paleoproductivity variations between inner and outer side of Shikoku Basin during the glacial and interglacial periods.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 2003

To develope chemical heat pump using available energy sources, solar heat and other kinds of waste thermal energy, we have studied the material and heat transfer rate in the cylindrical bed reactor packed with Calcined Dolomite. Our results from the studies are as follows ; 1 The time needed to complete dehydration reaction at the wall side of the cylindrical reactor(r/rL=0.5) was shorter than that of the center(r/rL=0.0) as much as 12%. 2. Two dimensional (radial and circumferential) partial differential equations, concerning heat and mass transfer rate in the packed bed of calcined Dolomite, are solved numerically to describe the characteristics of the reaction in the cylindrical reactor. The solution reads rate of reaction in the packed bed reactor depends on the temperature and concentration of reactants. These results read the supplied heat transfers from the wall side of the cylinder to the center, dehydration reaction begins at the inner side of the wall of the cylindrical reactor and the dehydration reaction proceeds from the wall side to center of cylinder.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.707-711
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• 2016

ITO/Ag/ITO conductive films on PET (polyethylene terephthalate) was etched by a Q-switched diode-pumped neodymiun-doped yttrium vanadate (Nd:YVO4, ${\lambda}=1064nm$) laser. During the laser direct etching, the laser beam was incident on the two different directions of PET and the etching patterns were investigated and analyzed. At a lower repetition rate of laser pulse, the larger laser etched patterns were obtained by laser beam incident on reverse side of PET substrate. On the contrary, at a higher repetition rate, it was possible to find the larger etched patterns in case of the laser beam incidence on forward side of PET substrate. For the laser beam incidence on reverse side, the laser beam is expected to be transferred and scattered through the PET substrate and the laser beam energy is thought to be dependent on the etch laser pulse beam energy.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.94-99
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• 1994

일반계(13품종)와 통일계(12품종) 현미의 겨층구조와 수분 흡수 속도를 조사하고 각 특성들간의 유의성을 분석하였다. 일반계 현미의 길이는 통일계보다 유의적으로 짧았으나, 폭과 무게는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 호분층과 과피의 두께는 일반계와 통일계 모두 등부가 배부보다 두꺼웠으며, 호분층 수는 일반계가 통일계보다 많았으나 배부 또는 등부의 호분층과 과피의 두께는 일반계와 통일계 사이에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. $60^{\circ}C$ 에서의 수분 흡수 속도는 일반계가 폭이 컸으나 통일계와 유의성은 없었으며, 겨층의 구조와는 상관을 보이지 않았다.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2017년도 제48회 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.364-367
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• 2017

DACS 추진제 충전체의 기본 설계개념을 제시하였고, 요격체의 외경과 최대 연소속도가 제한된 DACS 추진제의 형상 최적화를 수행하였다. 추진제는 중심코어와 한쪽 끝단면이 연소하는 이면연소조건이며, 최적화 기법인 PSO(Particle Swarm Optimization) 알고리즘을 이용하여 추진제 중심코어의 반경, 추진제 길이, 끝단 각도의 최적 값을 도출하였다. 이를 통해 추진제의 연소속도에 따른 최적 설계점 추이를 분석하여 설계방향을 제시하였다.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.801-812
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• 1999

Change-point hazard rate models arise for example in applying "burn-in" techniques to screen defective items and in studing times until undesirable side effects occur in clinical trials. Sometimes in screening defectives it might be sensible to model two stages of burn-in. In a clinical trial there might be an initial hazard rate for a side effect which after a period of time changes to an intermediate hazard rate before settling into a long term hazard rate. In this paper we consider the multiple change points hazard rate model. The classical approach's asymptotics can be poor for the small to all moderate sample sizes often encountered in practice. We propose a Bayesian approach avoiding asymptotics to provide more reliable inference conditional only upon the data actually observed. The Bayesian models can be fitted using simulation methods. Model comparison is made using recently developed Bayesian model selection criteria. The above methodology is applied to a generated data and to a generated data and the Lawless(1982) failure times of electrical insulation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.261-270
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• 2021

Objective : Decompressive craniectomy (DC) can partially remove the unyielding skull vault and make affordable space for the expansion of swelling brain contents. The objective of this study was to compare clinical outcome according to DC surface area (DC area) and side. Methods : A total of 324 patients underwent different surgical methods (unilateral DC, 212 cases and bilateral DC, 112 cases) were included in this retrospective analysis. Their mean age was 53.4±16.6 years (median, 54 years). Neurological outcome (Glasgow outcome scale), ventricular intracranial pressure (ICP), and midline shift change (preoperative minus postoperative) were compared according to surgical methods and total DC area, DC surface removal rate (DC%) and side. Results : DC surgery was effective for ICP decrease (32.3±16.7 mmHg vs. 19.2±13.4 mmHg, p<0.001) and midline shift change (12.5±7.6 mm vs. 7.8±6.9 mm, p<0.001). The bilateral DC group showed larger total DC area (125.1±27.8 ㎠ for unilateral vs. 198.2±43.0 ㎠ for bilateral, p<0.001). Clinical outcomes were nonsignificant according to surgical side (favorable outcome, p=0.173 and mortality, p=0.470), significantly better when total DC area was over 160 ㎠ and DC% was 46% (p=0.020 and p=0.037, respectively). Conclusion : DC surgery is effective in decrease the elevated ICP, decrease the midline shift and improve the clinical outcome in massive brain swelling patient. Total DC area and removal rate was larger in bilateral DC than unilateral DC but clinical outcome was not influenced by DC side. DC area more than 160 ㎠ and DC surface removal rate more than 46% were more important than DC side.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2015

Purpose: Pilocarpine has the effects on improvement of salivary flow and subjective symptoms for xerostomic patients. Because of unwanted side effects following its systemic administration, topical pilocarpine has been paid attention as an alternative. This study aimed to investigate effects of pilocarpine solution as mouthwash on salivary flow and adverse effects compared to systemic administration of 5 mg pilocarpine tablet in healthy subjects. Methods: The study was a double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Five milligrams pilocarpine tablets, 4 mL of 2% pilocarpine solution and placebo solution were given to 12 healthy volunteers (6 males and 6 females) in a predetermined order with wash-out period of at least two days and unstimulated whole saliva was collected before and after administration of each drug. Blood pressure and pulse rate was also measured and subjective effect and potential side effects were evaluated by a self-administrated questionnaire. Results: Systemic (5 mg tablet) and topical (2% solution) use of pilocarpine significantly increased salivary flow rate in healthy subjects compared to placebo (p<0.001). In both the pilocarpine solution and tablet groups, salivary flow rates at 120 minutes after administration remained increased. Subjective effect on salivation was the largest in the pilocarpine tablet group, followed by the pilocarpine solution group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood pressure and pulse rate after administration of all three drugs. Fewer side effects reported in the pilocarpine solution group than in the tablet group. Conclusions: Two percents pilocarpine solution as mouthwash increases salivary flow rate, definitely superior to placebo solution and comparable to pilocarpine tablet, with fewer side effects in healthy subjects. It indicates a possibility of pilocarpine solution as a useful alternative of pilocarpine tablets for the xerostomic patients with systemic diseases.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.301-312
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• 2000

This study conducted an analysis of the middle aged women whose ages are from 35 to 59 years old in order to give those ladies much external satisfaction and covered body lines. I have come to present a few characters of body types as silhouettes which resulted in the factors of the upper bodies of middle aged women. I have adopted SAS(statistical analysis system) as a data process method of this survey. The followings are the results analysis. 1. The item of height have decreased, but increased in the items of thickness among the late middle aged women. 2. The body componant factor of middle aged women are extracted as 10 items, and the rate of their cumulative contribution is 78.9%. The first is the thickness of upper body, the second is the thickness of side upper body, the third is the height of upper body, the fourth is the length of upper body the fifth is width of upper body, the sixth is the projected rate of back, the seventh is the projected rate of breast, the eighth is the squared rate of shoulder, the ninth is the crooked rate of neck, and the tenth is the upper from of breast. 3. The body types of middle aged women can be classified into 4 types, and the followings are their characters. Type 1 is a standard type as the most common body character of the middle aged women, showing the appearing rate of 42.4%. Type 2 is a semi-curved body type like the curved figure of side body, showing the appearing rate of 34.5%. Type 3 is a reverse body type with the projected breast feature of front body, showing the appearing rate of 20.9%. Type 4 is a crooked body type with a tall height and crooked neck, showing the appearing rate of 2.2%.