• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2022

Background: Medial elbow laxity develops in throwing athletes due to valgus forces. Medial elbow instability in professional, collegiate, and high school athletes is well documented; however, the medial elbow of young throwing athletes has received less attention. This study investigated the medial elbow and common flexor tendon during applied elbow valgus stress of youth baseball players. Methods: The study included 15 participants. The medial elbow width and thickness of the common flexor tendon were measured on ultrasound images. Results: No significant side differences in medial elbow width or common flexor tendon were found at rest or under applied valgus stress. At rest, the medial elbow joint width was 3.34±0.94 mm on the dominant side and 3.42±0.86 mm on the non-dominant side. The dominant side increased to 3.83±1.02 mm with applied valgus stress, and the non-dominant side increased to 3.96±1.04 mm. The mean flexor tendon thickness was 3.89±0.63 mm on the dominant side and 4.02±0.70 mm on the non-dominant side. Conclusions: These findings differ from similar studies in older throwing athletes, likely because of the lack of accumulated stress on the medial elbow of youth throwing athletes. Maintaining elbow stability in young throwing athletes is a vital step to preventing injury later in their careers.

• Proceedings of the ESK Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.243-251
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• 1993

With the recent issuance of a dynamic side impact test regulation in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard in the United States of America, many aspects of occupant protection in side impact crashes have been under investigation. Many investigations of real world accidents, crash test results and simulation studies have established that in side impact crashes of passenger cars, thoracic and pelvic injuries of occupant are, large part, caused by occupants' impact against the interior side of the vehicle, primarily the door. This paper is concerned with the development of a lumped mass computer model, which simulates the interaction of a struck car door and an adjacent seated occupant in side impacr, based CTP code which has been successfully used in vehicle and occupant simulation. New model developments include elimination of influence of vehicle side structure stiffness in the occupant injury responses. The model was used to investigated the effect of various door padding characteristics on occupant responses to improve vehicle safety performance. The evaluation of different crush properties of door padding have also focused to understand of behavior of impacted occupant. Results from simulations, The effects of both material coefficients $C_{f}$ and p were illustrated in terms of occupant injury criteria TTI and pelvis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2020.11a
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• pp.12-13
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• 2020

Free-form buildings usually have large curved shapes on the outside. In order to construct this curved shape, the exterior of the building must be divided into easy-to-manufacture shapes, and the segmented panel is called the FCP(Free-form Concrete Panel). These FCPs have different shapes and cannot reuse molds. To solve these problems, the researchers developed FCP manufacturing equipment to manufacture a mould of FCP. However, the developed equipment alone cannot completely manufacture FCP's mould. This is because there is no mould to implement side of FCP. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a side form of FCP that can be applied to FCP manufacturing equipment. To this end, this study analyzes the basic requirements that side mould should have before developing side mould.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.673-683
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• 2015

The existing flood protection in rivers has shown the limitation due to the urbanization around rivers and the abnormal climate. Thus, the demand for the constructions of side-weir detention basin are being increased as a part of integrated watershed flood protection plan. It is necessary to estimate the quantitative flood-control effect for including the side-weir detention basin in flood-control measures. For the determination, it is required to reduce the uncertainty of the design factors which can affect the flood-control effect of side-weir detention basin. Among the factors, however, the water level in river always contains uncertainty. Therefore, the design method considering the uncertainty is required. For the reasons, the design method considering uncertainty of the water level in river is suggested in this study with using the length of side-weir which is relatively easy-determinable by designers. Therefore, it is examined how the variation of the length of side-weir can affect the flood-control effect, using HEC-RAS, and then the method to determine the side-weir length considering the uncertainty of the water level in river through results from analyses. Since the uncertainty of the water level in river can be taken into account in the suggested design method, it is evaluated that the design method is more effective to suggest the flood-control effect of the side-weir type detention basin with higher safety side.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.599-605
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• 2016

In this study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics (Exp. I) of bedding materials such as rice hulls (RH), sawdust (SD), wood shavings (WS) and sawdust+wood shavings (S+W; 1:1 in volume), and utilization of these beddings except RH (Exp. II) for rearing beef cattle. In Exp. I, the distribution of particle size (%) with $250{\mu}m$ and below $250{\mu}m$ was greater (p<0.05) in SD (30.4) than RH (4.4), WS (18.8) and S+W (20.1). Bulk density ($kg/m^3$) of bedding materials was directly proportional to the percentage of $250{\mu}m$ and below $250{\mu}m$ particles, 178, 46, 112, and 88 for SD, WD, S+W and RH, respectively. Water absorption rate (%) after submersion in water for 24 h was higher (p<0.05) in WS (540.2) compared to SD (270.2), S+W (368.2). The S+W had an intermediate value of the absorption rate between SD and WS, but had an outstanding durability of water absorption capacity. Moisture evaporation rate (%) for 12 h was higher (p<0.05) in WS (75.4) than SD (70.5), S+W (72.2) and RH (57.8). Average ammonia emission ($mg/m^2/h$) for 36 h was higher (p<0.05) in RH (3.15) than SD (1.70), WS (1.63), and S+W (1.73). In Exp. II, thirty six Hanwoo cows were allocated in 9 pens with one side on feed bunk side (Side A) and another side equipped with water supply (Side B) for 3 weeks with duplicated periods. Average moisture concentrations (%) of beddings were higher (p<0.05) in WS (side A, 65.7; side B, 57.9) than SD (side A, 62.5; side B, 52.2) and S+W (side A, 61.6; side B, 50.7). Regardless of types of beddings, moisture concentrations (%) of beddings within a pen were lower (p<0.05) at side B than A, implying longer period of utilization. These results suggest that using S+W would be a better choice than SD or WS alone, considering physicochemical characteristics and economics, and RH is not a suitable material as a bedding for beef cattle.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.159-187
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• 2014

Approximate number sense(hereafter, ANS) is the ability to compare and operate upon numerosity information. The numerosity comparison task is used to measure ANS. However, there is considerable variance among previous reports of ANS acuity which may be related to different task formats used. Here, we aim to investigate whether the format of the numerosity comparison task influences measurements of ANS acuity. We compared two task formats; 1) an intermixed format presenting two intermixed arrays of black and white dots, and 2) a side-by-side format showing two arrays of dots side by side. The intermixed format likely makes additional demands on general cognitive resources for inhibitory control, selective attention, or visuospatial working memory. The performance on the intermixed format was significantly lower than that of the side-by-side format resulting in an underestimation of ANS acuity compared to the expected trajectory of ANS development. In addition, the ANS acuity measured from only the side-by-side format was correlated with children's mathematical achievement and age. Our results demonstrate that measurement of ANS from the side-by-side format has higher construct and predictive validity compared to that of the intermixed format.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the effect of mandibular midline shift and difference of mandibular height between both sides on the electromyo- graphic(EMG) activity of the masticatory muscles on clenching or gum chewing movement. For this study, 105 patients with temporomandibular disorders(TMD) were selected and panoramic radiograph were taken. Amount and side of the midline shift and height of the mandible from antegonial notch to the top of the condylar head were measured on panoramic view. $BioEMG^{(R)}$ (Bioresearch Inc., Milwaukee, USA) was used for recording of EMG activity(${\mu}V$) of the anterior temporalis and the superficial masseter on clenching or gum chewing movement. EMG activity on clenching during 533msec period were measured for activity of the starting point and the one second-after activity as the early EMG and the maximum EMG, respectively. EMG activity on gum chewing movement were measured for activity of the first and the second chewing stroke. The data collected were analysed by SPSS windows program, and the results of this study were as follows : 1. Height of the mandible was 8.06cm on right side and 8.03cm on left side, and showed no difference by age, but significantly differed by sex with higher in male subjects. 2. Mean value of the midline shift was 0.1mm with range of 0~5mm on both sides. The amount and side of the midline shift did not related with height difference of the mandible and/or the EMG activity of the masticatory muscles on clenching. 3. Prevalence of higher right side and higher left side of the mandible were almost same, and the EMG activity of higher side was not higher than that of the other side. 4. In the subjects with height difference of more than 5mm between both sides of the mandible, the early EMG activity on clenching were differed for the anterior temporalis, but the maximum activity were differed for the superficial masseter. 5. In the subjects with height difference of more than 5mm between both sides of the mandible, EMG activity of the anterior temporalis of the gum chewing side was not higher than that of the other side when chewing on the side of lower height, but in the subjects with height difference of less than 5mm, the EMG activity was higher than that of the other side.

• Journal of Auto-vehicle Safety Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.13-19
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• 2018

This research is to optimize Single-Piece Side otr reinforcement using Hot-stamping and to strengthen weak regions on Single-Piece Side otr reinforcement. As a consequence, the weight and the number of parts were reduced and resulting in improvement of impact and stiffness performance when compared to multi-piece construction.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.02a
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• pp.462-467
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• 2007

Recently, in Korea vehicle market, the proportion of SUV is increasing. However Korea SINCAP(Side Impact New Car Assessment Program) doesn't reflect this circumstance. This paper focused on improvement of Korea SINCAP by comparing IIHS(Insurance Institute of Highway Safety) side impact test protocol with Korea SINCAP.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2009

The mixing of two dissimilar aluminum alloys in friction stir welding (FSW) was investigated using etching. The results show that the materials from the retreating side mixed into the advancing side in rather narrow and elongated bands whereas the materials from the advancing side mixed into the retreating side in the form of thick bands and lobes. A computational method using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is introduced as a way to properly describe the complex mixing behavior in FSW.