• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.156-160
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• 2005

Background: Frozen shoulder is not an uncommon disease, which is associated with chronic pain and joint movement limitation. However, there are numerous devices to assist in the treatment of shoulder pain, but their efficacy has not been proven and their use remains immensely controversial. Therefore, a randomized clinical study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of a low-frequency stimulator for the treatment of frozen shoulder. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was carried out on 40 patients with frozen shoulder, with 40 patients assigned to two groups; a control treatment group (group C, n = 20) and a low frequency stimulator application group (group T, n = 20). Both groups were given a routine treatment modality, such as trigger point injection, intramuscular stimulation or suprascapular nerve block etc. The level of the shoulder pain was evaluated using a 100mm VAS (visual analog scale) at each visit, with the limitation in the range of motion simultaneously evaluated. Results: All the subjects improved after treatment, with the VAS scores after termination of treatment showed a statistically significant reduction (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups. One month after termination of 5 cycles of treatment, group T maintained their improved state, whereas the pain in some of those in group C reemerged, which also showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The limitation in the range of motion improved, with most subjects able to resume daily activity. Conclusions: Although the low frequency stimulation provided no more pain relief than routine treatment, the effect was significantly prolonged. From this result, low frequency stimulation can be considered to aide the therapeutic effect of classical frozen shoulder therapy.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2021

Objective: This study covered the effect of stabilization exercise on muscle activity, shoulder painanddisability index(SPADI) oftheelderly people with chronic shoulder pain by tele-rehabilitation village hall in rural area. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: The study subjects are 29 elders with chronic shoulder pain aged over 65-year-old who reside in the rural area (experimental group: 14 elders and control group: 15). The elderly people in the experimental group were asked to perform shoulder stabilization exercise 60 minutes per one time for 4 weeks and three times in a week and the others in the control group were asked to receive education related to pain management for the initial one time. Before and after the experiment, we measured the subjects' muscle activity of upper trapezius, serratus anterior and the lower trapezius. In addition, SPADI is measured through the questionnaire. Results: Compared to the control group, the experimental group showed significant differences in the muscle activity of the three muscles (upper trapezius, serratus anterior, lower trapezius), and SPADI. Conclusions: It is found that shoulder stabilization exercise is effective in muscleactivity, pain and ability of the elderly people through tele-rehabilitation service. This study should be used for improving the quality of the elderly people's lives through active tele-rehabilitation service for areas where have poor medical benefits.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.69-78
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• 2021

Background: Approximately 30% of people suffer from chronic neck and shoulder pain. Chronic neck and shoulder pain arise due to the exposure to continuous low loading and monotonous work. This is a common musculoskeletal disorder in a society. As physical therapists, we should give appropriate treatment to these people. Methods: A total of 26 patients with chronic neck and shoulder myalgia were randomly allocated into two experimental groups. First, 13 patients received shoulder strength training, while the other 13 patients received cervical mobilization. Outcome measures included bilateral pressure pain threshold by using an algometer at upper trapezius, visual analogue scale (VAS) to express their pain scale, and muscle tension by using myoton pro device pre-intervention and after the final treatment. Results: The VAS and muscle tension in upper trapezius significantly decreased (p<.05) in both groups; however, no differences between two groups were observed (p>.05). The pressure pain threshold in upper trapezius significantly increased (p<.05) in both groups; yet, again, the differences between the groups did not reach statistical significance (p>.05). Conclusion: As methods of treatment, shoulder-specific strength training and cervical mobilization can be appropriate approaches to the treatment of neck and shoulder musculoskeletal disorder.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.49-55
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study was 1) to investigate the possibility of taking blood stasis pattern as a clinical parameter of frozen shoulder, using blood stasis pattern questionnaire (BSPQ) to frozen shoulder group comparing with normal group, and 2) to find out the relationship of the severity of main frozen shoulder symptoms (pain and limited range of motion of shoulder) and the level of blood stasis pattern through BSPQ analysis. Methods : During the period of January 2010 to July 2010, fifty five frozen shoulder patients who visited outpatient clinic of department of acupuncture and moxibustion in East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyung Hee University and fifty five normal people without shoulder pain nor limited ROM in shoulder joint were evaluated through BSPQ, and to the frozen shoulder group, also evaluated three different visual analogue scales (VAS) of pain (pain on average, pain at night, and pain on motion) and active / passive range of motion (ROM) of shoulder joint. Results : Mean blood stasis pattern score of frozen shoulder patients group was significantly higher than the score of normal group (patients vs normal group : $4.85{\pm}1.68$ vs $3.49{\pm}1.54$). Three different types of pain VAS (on average, at night and on motion) showed low to very low positive correlation with BSPQ scores when analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficient. ROM levels in shoulder joint were not significantly related to BSPQ scores, though active external rotation range showed low positive correlation with BSPQ scores. Conclusions : Patients with frozen shoulder showed higher blood stasis pattern score in BSPQ but the level of blood stasis pattern is not significantly related to the severity of pain or limitation of ROM in shoulder joint.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2004

Purpose: To evaluate a usefulness of the simple radiograph in the patients with chronic shoulder pain 50 years and older. Material and method: 1152 patients with chronic shoulder pain and 100 asymptomatic individuals were involved in this study. All patients were 50 years and older. We excluded patients who had a history of fracture or dislocation. Radiographic interpretation was performed on a shoulder AP view, an axillary view and a supraspinatus outlet view. For statistical analysis, a chi-square test was performed. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Abnormal radiologic findings were identified in 369(32%) out of 1152 patients with a shoulder pain: greater tuberosity sclerosis, acromial sclerosis, subacromial osteophytes are common abnormal radiologic findings. A rotator cuff tear or impingement syndrome was identified on a final diagnosis in 61(85.2%) out of the 76 patients with radiologic abnormalities in both greater tuberosity and acromion (p<0.05). Abnormal radiologic findings were identified in 18% of the asymptomatic individuals. Conclusion: Simple radiographic analysis is an important primary diagnostic tool in patients (50 years and old) with chronic shoulder pain.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.139-146
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• 2007

1. The etiological causes of Pain in Shoulder and Arm based on literatures of Oriental medicine are attack of wind-heat on the lung, wind cold, damp-heat struggle between the vital energy and pathogenic factor and six pathogenic factors And all these causes are the conception of blockage syndrome, $Q_1$ and blood stagnating in meridian system. 2. Symptoms of Pain in Shoulder and Arm based on literatures of Oriental medicine are shoulder pain, restriction of activity and radiating pain. 3. The treatments of Pain in Shoulder and Arm based on literatures of Oriental medicine are mainly composed of both medical therapy for $B_1$ syndrome due to pathogenic wind, deficiency of both $Q_1$ and blood, consumption of the liver and the spleen, and also acupuncture and moxibustion treatment by selection of acupoint. And those treatments are for treating etiology. And also there are treatments using the meridian system and Twelve Muscle Region and Ashihyeol for the purpose of treating the symptoms. 4. Acupoints such as Gyun-u, Gyun-jung, Goi-ji, Ju-ryo and Bi-no are most used in treating shoulder and arm pain based on based on literatures of Oriental medicine.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.25-35
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• 2011

Objective : This research was done to identify the effects of dry cupping therapy on the shoulder pain and fatigue of nurses. Methods : The research design was time series design. The participants were 27 nurses with shoulder pain at P University Hospital in Busan metropolitan city from July 6, 2009 to August 3, 2009. The dry cupping therapy was done 4 times, twice a week for 2 weeks. Before intervention, the severity and frequency of pain and fatigue were measured three times at one week intervals, and then those were measured after one week and two weeks of experimental treatment. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test and repeated measure ANOVA with the SPSS program. Results : There were statistically significant difference in severity and frequency of shoulder pain, and fatigue after dry cupping therapy. Dry cupping therapy was effective for the management of shoulder pain and fatigue among nurses in this study. Conclusion : Therefore dry cupping therapy can be considered an effective nursing intervention that relieves shoulder pain and fatigue of nurses.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.129-137
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• 2003

A single subject experimental design (alternating treatment design) was used to compare the effects of only ultrasound and ultrasound combined with stretching of the joint capsule on the ROM increase and pain reduction in patients with frozen shoulder. Two subjects were included in each group. In the only ultrasound treatment sessions, ultrasound was applied at the pain point of the shoulder joint in supine position. In the ultrasound combined with stretching treatment sessions, ultrasound was applied at the pain point of the shoulder joint positioned in external rotation and abduction in sitting position. Only ultrasound treatment and ultrasound combined with stretching treatment were alternately performed on each patient. Pain and disability was measured by shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), and range of motion (ROM) was measured by scratch test. The results of this study showed that ultrasound combined with stretching treatment were more effective than only ultrasound treatment in ROM increase and pain reduction. However, disability score was not significantly different.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.247-251
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• 2023

Background: While some evidence indicates that propofol-based anesthesia has less postoperative pain than sevoflurane-based anesthesia, these results are controversial. We compared acute postoperative pain intensity and opioid consumption after total shoulder arthroplasty between propofol-remifentanil (PR) and sevoflurane-remifentanil (SR) anesthesia. Methods: Among 48 patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopic surgery anesthetized with PR or SR, postoperative pain intensity was assessed at 30 minutes and at 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours. The total patient-controlled analgesia volume and number of patients requiring rescue analgesics were assessed. Results: No significant difference in postoperative pain intensity was observed between the two groups. Postoperative opioid consumption and analgesic requirements were also comparable in the first 24 hours after surgery. Conclusion: PR and SR anesthesia for shoulder arthroscopic surgery provide comparable postoperative analgesia results.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.507-510
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• 2013

Objective : The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) neuromodulation of suprascpaular nerve (SSN) in patients with chronic shoulder pain due to adhesive capsulitis and/or rotator cuff tear. Methods : The study included 11 patients suffering from chronic shoulder pain for at least 6 months who were diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis (n=4), rotator cuff tear (n=5), or adhesive capsulitis+rotator cuff tear (n=2) using shoulder magnetic resonance imaging or extremity ultrasonography. After a favorable response to a diagnostic suprascapular nerve block twice a week (pain improvement >50%), PRF neuromodulation was performed. Shoulder pain and quality of life were assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) before the diagnostic block and every month after PRF neuromodulation over a 9-month period. Results : The mean VAS score of 11 patients before PRF was $6.4{\pm}1.49$, and the scores at 6-month and 9 month follow-up were $1.0{\pm}0.73$ and $1.5{\pm}1.23$, respectively. A significant pain reduction (p<0.001) was observed. The mean OSS score of 11 patients before PRF was $22.7{\pm}8.1$, and the scores at 6-month and 9 month follow-up were $41.5{\pm}6.65$ and $41.0{\pm}6.67$, respectively. A significant OSS improvement (p<0.001) was observed. Conclusion : PRF neuromodulation of the suprascapular nerve is an effective treatment for chronic shoulder pain, and the effect was sustained over a relatively long period in patients with medically intractable shoulder pain.