• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.229-239
• /
• 1996

for shortening of running time on existing line, speed up railways feel strongly the necessity of it, for fully realizing a role of transportation system, for human life style is high. and increasing of time value. Especially curved lines zone have crucial effects on the speed of train, in case the shortening of running time, it is thought, speed up in curved lines zone, considering a character of route alignment in korea, we obtain saving time using lateral force index for safety running of train and comfortable ride of passengers. The results of this study show that all curved zone improvements for the shortening of the train running time more efficiently than extension of transition curve.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.51 no.6
• /
• pp.989-1003
• /
• 2014

In the preliminary design stage of an RC 3D-frame, repeated sequential analyses to determine optimal members' sizes and the investigation of the parameters required to minimize the differential column shortening are computational effort consuming, especially when considering various types of loads such as dead load, temperature action, time dependent effects, construction and live loads. Because the desired accuracy at this stage does not justify such luxury, two backpropagation feedforward artificial neural networks have been proposed in order to approximate this information. Instead of using a commercial software package, many references providing advanced principles have been considered to code a program and generate these neural networks. The first one predicts the typical amount of time between two phases, needed to achieve the minimum maximorum differential column shortening. The other network aims to prognosticate sequential analysis results from those of the simultaneous analysis. After the training stages, testing procedures have been carried out in order to ensure the generalization ability of these respective systems. Numerical cases are studied in order to find out how good these ANN match with the sequential finite element analysis. Comparison reveals an acceptable fit, enabling these systems to be safely used in the preliminary design stage.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.93-102
• /
• 1999

Increased height of buildings causes severe shortening of vertical structural members due to the accumulated axial load. It not only decreases the serviceability of a structure but also affects significantly the stability of a structure itself due to the secondary stress. The main purpose of estimating the shortening of vertical structural members is to compensate the differential shortening of adjacent members. This paper presents the comparison of stresses between the vertical structural members compensated during construction process and these compensated during design process under the seismic load and represents that the precise compensation of vertical structural members is important.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.68-73
• /
• 2011

Traditional management of comminuted tibia fractures with massive bone and soft tissue defect includes soft tissue coverage and bone grafting. However, this method requires a large flap and a substantial amount of bone graft. Acute shortening can reduce the amount of required soft tissue and bone graft. We report a case of open tibia and fibula fracture with severe bone and soft tissue defect that was successfully treated by acute shortening of the tibia with immediate fibular strut bone graft and then by gradual lengthening of the tibia at its proximal metaphysis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.259-265
• /
• 1991

This experiment was carried out to find of shortening degree of plant height and seed yield of sesame by different treatment of fertilizer and regulator application. Treatment of higher yield was compost, foliar spraying of Tachigaren chemicals and pinching + 1. 5 times as much as control application of 3 elements which was nitrogen, phosphate, potassium. Especially, Tachigaren chemicals plot was showed increasing lodging resistance because of shortening stem of 6cm compare with control plot and more 8% than control plot in seed yield. Expectant treatment of seed yield was application of compost 2,000Kg per l0a. Foliar spraying of Tachigaren chemicals at 6 leaves full-open of main stem was expected higher yield as well as shortening stem.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.75-84
• /
• 2010

According to the available study and experimental data about the long term behavior of CFT(Concrete Filled Tube) columns, the creep and of concrete in CFT columns are smaller than those of RC columns because of the confinement effect of outer steel columns. In this study, the uncertainties associated with assumed values for concrete properties such as strength, creep coefficients, and service load have been considered and analyzed for the prediction of time-dependent column shortening of CFT column. The CFT column shortening analysis using Monte Carlo method is proposed and an of a 37 story tall building with CFT columns is studied for illustration. According to the results obtained by the probability analysis with multi parameters, the effect of variation coefficient for 3 parameters is investigated considering confidence interval.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.11-19
• /
• 2017

High-rise buildings move during construction due to time-dependent material properties of concrete (creep and shrinkage), construction sequences, and structural shapes. The building movements, including vertical and horizontal displacements, result from the sum of axial and lateral deformation of vertical members at each level. In addition to the vertical shortenings, the lateral movement induced by differential shortening can have adverse effects on the construction tolerance and serviceability of non-structural elements such as elevators and curtain walls. In this study a construction stage analysis method is developed to predict lateral movement induced by shortening, including the effect of creep and shrinkage. The algorithm of construction stage analysis is combined with the FE analysis program. It is then applied to predict lateral movement of a 58-story reinforced concrete building that was constructed in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Gravity induced lateral movement of this building is predicted by the construction stage analysis. A field three-dimensional laser scanning survey is carried out to verify the prediction results, and satisfactory agreement is obtained.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.15-23
• /
• 2020

This study examines the duration of Korean lax and tense stops in the prosodic word-medial position, their interactions with nearby segments, and the phonological implications of these interactions. It first examines the lengthening of consonants at the function of the short lax stop. Experiment 1 shows that the sonorant C1 is significantly longer before a short lax stop C2 than before a long tense stop. Experiment 2 shows that the short lax stop C1 cancels the contrast between the lax and tense obstruent at C2, making them appear as long tense obstruents (Post-Stop Tensing Rule). We suggest that such lengthening phenomena occur in Korean to robustly preserve the contrastive length difference between C and CC. Second, this study examines the vowel shortening, known as Closed-Syllable Vowel Shortening, before a long tense stop or before the consonant sequence. Experiment 3 suggests that it be interpreted as temporal adjustment to make the interval from the onset of a vowel to the onset of the following vowel of near-equal length. Conclusively, we suggest that Korean speech be planned and controlled with two specific intervals. One is the duration of contrastive consonant intervals between vowels, and the other is the duration from the onset of a vowel to the onset of the following vowel.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
• /
• 2009.11a
• /
• pp.81-85
• /
• 2009

In the recent years, the high strength concrete has increasingly been used according to extending market of tall buildings. However, Ministry of Land, transport and Maritime Affairs was established by law with an alternative plan after June 2008 because of the weakness of high strength concrete accompanied spalling phenomena in fire. The mix design of concrete has to properly meet standards which are the spalling resistance of concrete and limited temperature of steel reinforcement. The fire proof concrete mixed fiber has widely been used to meet spalling safety on the many construction sites, the most researches about the fire proof concrete mixed fiber had being carried out focused on fire resistance, compressive strength and cast in place of concrete. But the most important thing is column shortening used the fire proof concrete within the vertical members. In this paper, the fire proof concrete filled spalling safety standards was experimented by required material when the column shortening is revised between normal concrete and fire proof concrete mixed fiber and then the results have done a comparative analysis. Also, The paper aimed to indicate a basic data for revision of column shortening of fire proof concrete.

• PNF and Movement
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.383-390
• /
• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of three-week contract-and-relax (CR) interventions with and without reinforcement using temporal summation for flexibility and dynamic balance ability in young people with hamstring shortening. Methods: This study was conducted on 20 female college students with hamstring shortening. The participants were divided equally into two groups using stratified randomization: the CR group (CRG) and the CR with reinforcement group (CRRG). All interventions were applied three times a week for three weeks. The passive straight leg raise (PSLR) test and functional reaching test (FRT) were conducted on each participant before and after the three-week intervention. Results: In both groups, PSLR and FRT improved significantly after the three-week intervention compared to before intervention (p < 0.01). The amount of change in PSLR after the three-week intervention was significantly higher in CRRG than in CRG (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Three-week CR interventions with and without reinforcement were effective in improving PSLR and FRT. To improve hamstring shortening, CR intervention with reinforcement may be more useful than CR intervention without reinforcement.