• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.167-186
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• 2004

The design load-carrying capacities of wooden shores depend on factors, such as the wood species and properties, and construction methods. This paper focuses on the construction methods, including an upright single shore, group of upright shores, group of inclined shores, butt connections and lap connections. This paper reports experiments to obtain critical loads and then developed an empirical equation based on Euler' formula for the critical loads and design load-carrying capacities. The test results show that the critical loads for an upright single wooden shore are greater than the average values for a group of upright shores, and the latter are greater than the average values for a group of inclined shores. Test results also show that the critical loads become smaller when butt or lap connections are used, butt connections possessing greater critical loads than lap connections. Groups of inclined shores are very popular at work sites because they have some practical advantages even though they actually possess inferior critical loads. This paper presents an improved setup for constructing groups of inclined shores. With this method, the inclined shores have larger critical loads than upright shores. The design load-carrying capacities were obtained by multiplying the average critical loads by a resistance factor (or strength reduction factor, ${\phi}$) that were all smaller than 1. This article preliminarily suggests ${\phi}$ factors based on the test results for the reference of engineers or specification committees.

• ALGAE
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2012

Population ecology of Palmaria palmata is described from the intertidal zone of Digby Neck and adjacent islands of Nova Scotia. The primary objectives were: to evaluate the difference in habitat specialization and population structure of P. palmata between harvest and non-harvest shores, and to characterize differences in thallus structure and frond sizes between epilithic and epiphytic populations. Harvest shores were gently sloping boulder fields with boulders typically about 0.5-1.0 m with dense cover of P. palmata on many of the rocks. Non-harvest shores (with or without P. palmata) consisted of boulders that were smaller or larger than harvest shores, or bedrock; when P. palmata was present on nonharvest sites it was typically epiphytic on other algae (e.g., Fucus spp., Mastocarpus stellatus, Devaleraea ramentacea). Harvestable epiphytic populations occurred only in high current areas. While there was little difference in average cover of P. palmata harvest and non-harvest shores ($31.2{\pm}13.7%$ vs. $19.4{\pm}7.3%$, mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation [SD]), the cover of P. palmata on harvest shores was highly skewed such that individual boulders often had >90% cover while adjacent rocks had little. Frond length of large fronds was greater on harvested shores, and mean frond density ($g\;m^{-2}$) was three times higher than the mean density on the non-harvested shores. Frond lengths of entire epiphytic and epilithic frond complements of 119 thalli from harvest beaches showed no difference in mean size of the largest fronds, and no difference in frond number per holdfast when epiphytic and epilithic thalli were compared.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.385-392
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• 2014

동바리 되세우기 공법은, 타설되는 층의 바로 아래 바닥판을 지지하는 동바리를 임시 제거한 후 다시 동바리를 설치하는 방법으로, 각 층의 바닥판이 자신의 하중을 스스로 지지하게 유도함으로써 아래 층 바닥판의 시공 하중을 경감시켜 시공 중 안전성을 향상시킬 수 있다. ACI 347.2R-05에서 제안한 단순 해석 결과, 되세우기를 하지 않은 경우에 비해 바닥판과 동바리 시공하중은 각각 40%와 23% 저감되고, 동바리와 거푸집 물량은 각각 40%, 50% 절감 가능한 것으로 평가되었다. 현장 계측 결과, 되세우기를 실시한 층의 바로 아래 층의 동바리에는 상부 층 되세우기 작업 전에 비해 50%의 하중 저감이 발생하였다. 또한 되세우기를 실시하지 않은 영역의 동바리 하중에 비해 되세우기 작업 후 35%의 하중 저감이 발생되었다. 동바리 되세우기를 실시한 층의 상부 보 처짐은 최대 L/5000이 발생하였으며, 주철근의 변형률은 항복변형률 대비 3.6%가 발생하였다. 따라서 N+1층 콘크리트 타설 직전에 동바리 되세우기를 실시하는 것은 구조물의 안전성과 사용성에 문제를 야기하지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 계측된 동바리 하중을 통해 바닥판에 작용되는 최대 시공하중을 예측하면 1.52D로 ACI 347.2R-05의 단순 해석 결과인 1.38D와 유사하다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.385-404
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• 2020

Since the scaffold is composed of modular members, the total height of multi-story scaffolds does not often meet with the headroom of construction buildings. At this time, other supporting members need to be set up on the top of scaffolds. However, the mechanical behaviors of the combined system of scaffolds and other supporting members have seldom been discussed. This study explores the stability of the combined system of scaffolds and shores. The loading tests conducted in the laboratory show that the critical load of the combined system of two-story scaffolds and wooden shores is about half that of the three-story scaffold system with the same height. In the failure of both the "scaffold system" and the "combined system of scaffolds and shores' after loading, the deformation mainly occurs in the in-plane direction of the scaffold. The outdoor loading test shows that no failure occurs on any members when the combined system fails. Instead, the whole system buckles and then collapses. In addition, the top formwork of the combined system can achieve the effect of lateral support reinforcement with small lateral support forces in the outdoor loading test. This study proposes the preliminary design guidelines for the scaffolding structural design.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.127-131
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• 2004

Soft shores are particularly vulnerable to human exploitation; however, they exhibit a variety of habitats which provide refuge for a diversity of flora and fauna. This study describes a survey of 13 soft shores in Hong Kong with information on species diversity, sediment characteristics, shore extent, pollution threat, degree of naturalness, linkage with other ecological habitats, and degree of social/economic importance. Data collected were subjected to multivariate statistical analyses, so as to identify shores that have significant ecological status and conservation value for management purposes.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.848-855
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• 2003

콘크리트 타설중, 콘크리트 타설경로로 인한 부분재하는 동바리의 연결부에 횡력을 발생시킨다. 이러한 횡력을 구속하기 위해 동바리의 상$.$하부 접합부가 못으로 긴결되어야 한다. 그러나 시공성과 동바리 철거의 편의성을 위해 작업자들은 못을 거의 사용하지 않는다. 이러한 경우 동바리의 접합부는 전단력과 회전에 저항할 수 없다. 그리고 이러한 상황은 거푸집-동바리 시스템의 붕괴를 유발시킬 것이다. 그러므로 시공현장의 상황을 고려한다면 거푸집-동바리 시스템의 접합부 해석을 위해 접촉모델 및 스프링모델이 요구된다. 이에 따라 동바리에서의 접합부의 몇가지 유형에 따른 전단강성과 회전강성의 효과를 이해할 필요가 있다. 본 논문은 못의 길이, 개수, 위치의 변수에 따라 동바리의 연결부의 회전강성값과 전단강성값을 실험을 통해 평가하고자 하며 동바리의 지지단에 따른 결과를 보여준다. 그리고 이러한 결과는 실제 상황과 유사한 스프링모델 설정 및 좌굴하중 평가에 사용될 수 있다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2017

This paper analyzes the influence of the construction process on short- and long-term deflections on a reinforced concrete structure poured on-site by a portable industrialized system. A parametric analysis was carried out by the Finite Elements Method (FEM) that considered: a) type of construction process with reshoring or clearing (partial striking); b) the number of successively shored floors and c) the number of shores used on each floor. All three factors were especially important for the values of short- and long-term deflections, which were highest in the reshoring processes with the lowest number of successively shored floors and the lowest number of shores per floor. Deflections obtained were compared with the limits laid down by ACI 318-14 and as calculated by this code's simplified method. The long-term deflections were seen to be almost double than those obtained by applying the ACI 318-14 code's simplified method and in some cases these deflections were above the established limits. It can thus be concluded that the load history of a building under construction should be taken into account in order to satisfy a structure's in-service conditions and durability.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.159-165
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• 2008

Intertidal benthic algal communities on the shores of Gujido and Daeyeonpyeongdo islets, Korea, were examined in October 2007. At both sites, 45 seaweeds including 7 green, 6 brown and 32 red algae were identified. The number of species at Gujido(38 species) was 1.5 times higher than at Daeyeonpyeongdo(25 species), but seaweed coverage was very similar with about 20%. Dominant seaweeds in terms of coverage and importance value were Hildenbrandtia sp., Caulacanthus okamurae, Ulva pertusa, and Gelidium amansii at Gujido and U. pertusa, Hildenbrandtia sp., Gelidium divaricatum at Daeyeonpyeongdo. The vertical distribution pattern of the seaweeds was G. divaricatum-U. pertusa, Hildenbrandtia sp.-U. pertusa, Hildenbrandtia sp., Ishige okamurae from upper to lower intertidal zone but seaweed zonations were not observed on the Gujido rocky shore. At both sites, coarsely-branched forms were the dominant functional group in species number and percent cover(among benthic algal species). The rocky shores of the two sites were dominated by crustose coralline and green algae, whose presence generally results in decreased seaweed biodiversity and community stability. Therefore, the shores of the Yeonpyeongdo islets are of considerable environmental concern and should be monitored for seaweed species composition and community structure.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 1992

A study on the seasonal changes of the benthic macroinvertebrate community was performed on the intertidal rocky shores ao eastern coast of Cheju island and U-do throughout four seasons from october 1991 to August 1992. The macroinvertebrates were composed of 10 phyla, 18 classes, 39 orders, 94 families and 201 species. the number of speecies were 183 in summer, 147 in autumn, 138 in spring and 94 in winter, respectively. The total wpecies collected throuhout the study period were 193 species in U-do and 151 species in the eastern coast of Cheju Island. Nodilittorina exigua was the most dominant species in all seasons, followed by Monodonta neritoides in spring, autumn and winter, and pollicipes mitella in summer. U-do was higher in species diversity and richness and lower in evenness than the eastern coast. Species diversity and richness were higher in summer than any other seasons in lower intertidal zones. Community dominance indices, however, were significantly higher in upper intertidal zones than in lower intertidal zones.

• 도서관문화
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.20-25
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• 1977

본 논문은 RQ 1974년 춘계호 pp.199-204에 실린 Basic Reference: An Information Theory를 우리말로 옮긴 것이다. 저자인 루이스 쇼즈(Louis shores)는 후로리다 주립대학교 도서관학교 명예교수로 재직중이다.