• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2013

Cryptomeria japonica pollen is the most common pollen, which are scattering during each spring season in Japan. Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis is one of seasonal allergic rhinitis that mainly occurs in Japan. In addition, long range transportation of Yellow Sand from the East Asian continent was also found during the pollen scattering seasons in Japan. Therefore, the interaction or impact between pollen and Yellow Sand should be concerned. In this study, our objective was to investigate the airborne behaviour of Cryptomeria japonica pollen grains and its size-segregated allergenic (Cry j 1) particles as the airborne tracer of Cryptomeria japonica pollen during the Yellow Sand events. Airborne Cryptomeria japonica pollen grains and its size-segregated allergenic particles were collected at roadside of urban residential zones of Saitama city during the pollination periods from February to March in two year investigation of 2009 and 2010. The overlap of Yellow Sand events and dispersal peak of pollen grains was observed. According to the Meteorological data, we found that the peaks of airborne pollen grains appeared under higher wind speed and temperature than the previous day. It was thought that Yellow Sand events and airborne pollen counts were related to wind speed. From the investigation of the airborne behavior of the size-segregated allergen particles by determining Cry j 1 with Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), the higher concentrations of the allergenic Cry j 1 were detected in particle size equal to or less than $1.1{\mu}m$($PM_{1.1}$) than other particle sizes during Yellow Sand events, especially in the rainy day. We conclude that rainwater trapping Yellow Sand is one of the important factors that affect the release of allergenic pollen species of Cry j 1. Therefore, it is very important to clarify the relationships between Cryptomeria japonica pollen allergenic species and chemical contents of the Yellow Sand particles in further studies.

• 지역연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.131-153
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• 1999

Since 1980's there have been two trends that obviously developed in the would -- economics globalization and urban internationalization. China, with is reform and opening-up policy and rapid economic growth, keeps pace with these two trends. The term "International City" has no putative standard or definition. If we make an analogue of urban functional hierarchy in the world with a pyramid, the International Citiesa are the few elites on its top. The highest level international cities can be called "World City" or "Global City". In today's new international division of labor, they are diversified leading cities with control capacity on a world scale, like New York, London, and Tokyo. The secondary international cities are either diversified cities with influence and regulative functions on multinational scale or specialized cities on politics, economics, culture, or other aspects with worldwide impact. Judged by different criteria, there is no city that is qualified as International City with the exception of Hong Kong, which was returned to the P.R. of China in 1997. Nevertheless, Some favorable conditions for the development of the international city still exist in China. This country is already the sixth largest economic entity in the world, and the second largest economic entity in the world, and the second largest one if GNP estimated by ppp. Furthermore its import and export value make up for 40% of its GNP, indicating that China is repidly merging into global economy. In this 1, 2 billion-population country, the difference of economic levels between urban and rural, coastal and inland regions is so big that a few metropolises in the coastal region have the possibilities and potentials to develop into international cities regardless of rather low GNP per capita of the whole country. This article will focus on analysis from several perspectives, such as the proportion of foreign trade values in GDP, the proportion of imports and exports by foreign funded enterprises in total foreign trade value; distribution of the 500 largest foreign-funded enterprises; distribution of the 500 enterprises with largest import and export values; distrigbution of foreign computer and telecom companies with offices in China; the number of outward flights per week and the international tourists; the value of foreign capital used in cities and so on. From this analysis, it is predicted that Chinese international cities will surely emergy from the eastern coastal regions and they must be the core cities of metropolitan interlocking regions that have been formed or in the process of forming. Those international cities will arise from south to north in turn : Hong Kong-Guangzhu, Shanghai, Beijing-Tianjin, and perhaps the last one is Dalian-Shenyang. The other side of this issue is that there is a long way for the coming international cities in China except Hong Kong. At least China and these core cities must continually devote to (1) improve the regional composition of foreign capital sources. (2) improve the composition of export commodities. (3) improve the investment environment (including hard and soft environment) to attract more transnational corporations to settle. (4) deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises and establish Chinese own transnational corporations to enter the world market.ons to enter the world market.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.317-324
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• 2010

We elucidated the distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in human stomach, using cryosection and $c-Kit$ immunohistochemistry to identify $c-Kit$ positive ICC. Before $c-Kit$ staining, we routinely used hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining to identify every structure of human stomach, from mucosa to longitudinal muscle. HE staining revealed that the fundus greater curvature (GC) had prominent oblique muscle layer, and $c-Kit$ immunostaining $c-Kit$ positive ICC cells were found to have typical morphology of dense fusiform cell body with multiple processes protruding from the central cell body. In particular, we could observe dense processes and ramifications of ICC in myenteric area and longitudinal muscle layer of corpus GC. Interestingly, $c-Kit$ positive ICC-like cells which had morphology very similar to ICC were found in gastric mucosa. We could not find any significant difference in the distribution of ICC between fundus and corpus, except for submucosa where the density of ICC was much higher in gastric fundus than corpus. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the density of ICC between each area of fundus and corpus, except for muscularis mucosa. Finally, we also found similar distribution of ICC in normal and cancerous tissue obtained from a patient who underwent pancreotomy and gastrectomy. In conclusion, ICC was found ubiquitously in human stomach and the density of ICC was significantly lower in the muscularis mucosa of both fundus/corpus and higher in the submucosa of gastric fundus than corpus.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.72-86
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• 2008

This research focused on determining the brassiere preference index and wearing status of chinese ladies in their 20's living in the Shanghai region of China, to help Korean lingerie companies in their development of bras to successfully advance into the Chinese lingerie market. The main research tool of this research was various different surveys, and the results of the surveys were evaluated using the SPSS 12.0 for Window program. The results of the survey can be summarized as: 1) consciousness and satisfaction level of the body. The satisfaction level of the brest was proportionate to the size of the brassiere, thus, people showed higher level of satisfaction for cone-shaped, semi-circular shaped, prominent-shaped(exposing), lifted-shaped brest over flat-shaped brest. Concerning the relationship between the shape of the brest and the age of the customers, people under 22 years of age preferred flat-shaped, and those between 23-24 years of age preferring exposing and lifted brest, thus as females mature and get older, the size of their brest increases, thus having preference on more circular and lifted-shaped brest and bras. 2) Status of bra wearing in China When we look at the size of the bra in relation to the shape of the brest, those classified as having 'flat-shaped' brest showed a high proportion of A-cups, ranging from 75A, 70A and 80A, where as those of 'cone-shaped' brest represented high ration of B-cups, ranging from 75B, 75A and 80B. Majority of those classified as having 'semi-circular shaped' and 'prominent-shaped(exposing)' brest showed a high ration in the size 80 range. And vast majority of those classified into the 'lifted-shaped' brest group, were reported of having C-cup size bras. 3) Status of Bra Purchasing As people mature, the main reason behind choosing a bra was the actual design of the bra, where they emphasized the importance of aesthetic values. People classified as having 'flat-shaped' and 'cone-shaped' brest emphasized the importance of design and beauty, while those having 'semi-circular shaped,' 'prominent-shaped(exposing),' and 'liftedshaped' brest groups emphasized the importance of hygiene and the material(fabric) of the bra. This shows that when people have relatively smaller brest, they emphasize the importance of external appearance whereas when the size of the brest increases, they pay more attention to the function of the bra rather than the external appearance.

• 천문학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.125-137
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• 2015

We report results of the performance evaluation of a new hardware correlator in Korea, the Daejeon correlator, developed by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ). We conduct Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations at 22 GHz with the Korean VLBI Network (KVN) in Korea and the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA) in Japan, and correlated the aquired data with the Daejeon correlator. For evaluating the performance of the new hardware correlator, we compare the correlation outputs from the Daejeon correlator for KVN observations with those from a software correlator, the Distributed FX (DiFX). We investigate the correlated flux densities and brightness distributions of extragalactic compact radio sources. The comparison of the two correlator outputs shows that they are consistent with each other within < 8%, which is comparable with the amplitude calibration uncertainties of KVN observations at 22 GHz. We also find that the 8% difference in flux density is caused mainly by (a) the difference in the way of fringe phase tracking between the DiFX software correlator and the Daejeon hardware correlator, and (b) an unusual pattern (a double-layer pattern) of the amplitude correlation output from the Daejeon correlator. The visibility amplitude loss by the double-layer pattern is as small as 3%. We conclude that the new hardware correlator produces reasonable correlation outputs for continuum observations, which are consistent with the outputs from the DiFX software correlator.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.53-82
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 아시아 항만들 간의 클러스터링 추세를 분석하기 위해서 첫째, 기존연구에서는 다루지 못한 새로운 방법인 컨텍스트의존모형과 측정특유모형에 대해서 이론적으로 설명하였으며, 둘째, 컨텍스트의존모형에 의한 항만들의 매력도와 진전도 측정방법 및 실제적용, 셋째, 아시아 38개 항만들의 10년간 자료를 4개의 투입요소(선석길이, 수심, 총면적, 크레인수), 1개의 산출요소(컨테이너화물처리량)를 이용하여 효율성의 단계별로 효율적인 항만들을 대상으로 클러스터링하는 방법을 실증적으로 보여 주고 분석하였다. 또한 매력도, 진전도, 벤치마킹쉐어의 측정방법도 보여 주었다. 실증분석의 주요한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 2009년도 자료를 이용한 매력도측정결과는 Degree 1부터 Degree 7까지의 각 Degree별 랭킹을 살펴보면, 광저우항, 두바이항, 홍콩항, 닝보항, 상하이항의 순서였다. 둘째, 2009년도 단계1에 속한 항만들의 등급별 진전도를 측정한 결과를 보면, 베이루트항, 포트술탄항, 아덴항과 같이 낮은 등급의 점수에 해당하는 항만들은 그 전 등급의 항만을 벤치마킹해야만 한다. 셋째, 효율적인 항만들의 벤치마킹 쉐어에 대한 측정결과를 보면, 두바이항(선석길이), 홍콩항(수심, 총면적, 크레인수)이 다른 비효율적인 항만들의 효율성에 미친 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 컨텍스트의존모형과 측정특유모형에 의한 클러스터링 결과는 동일하게 나타났다. 그 가장 큰 이유는 투입-산출 자료의 특성 때문이라고 판단된다. 다섯째, 10년동안의 클러스터링 추세를 분석결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 가장 효율적인 단계(1단계, 2단계)의 클러스터링은 홍콩항, 상하이항, 싱가포르항. 닝보항, 광저우항, 카오슝항으로 나타났다. (2) 효율적인 단계(2단계, 3단계)의 클러스터링은 두바이항, 크호르 파칸항, 첸나이항, 부산항, 콜롬보항, 키롱항, 탄중펠프스항으로 나타났다. (3) 중정도의 효율적인 단계(4단계, 5단계, 6단계)의 클러스터링은 사히드 라자이항, 탄중프리옥항, 하이파항, 탄중퍼락항, 토쿄항, 요코하마항, 코베항, 나고야항, 오사카항, 인천항, 카라치항, 마닐라항, 방콕항, 담만항으로 나타났다. (4) 하위의 효율적인 단계(7단계, 8단계)의 클러스터링은 포트술탄카부스항, 제다항, 아덴항으로 나타났다. (5) 효율적인 단계로 진전되어 클러스터링된 항은 닝보항, 첸나이항, 탄중펠프스항으로 나타났다. 본 논문이 갖는 정책적인 함의는 항만정책입안자들은 컨텍스트의존모형과 측정특유모형을 항만의 클러스터링에 도입하여 해당항만이 발전할 수 있는 전략을 수립하고 이행해 나가야만 한다는 점이다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.159-178
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• 2012

최근 여러 나라에서 자본과 운영기술을 앞세운 GTO에게 항만 운영권과 개발권을 개방하고 있으며, 이들 GTO의 글로벌 네트워크 확충 전략은 각 국가의 항만 정책과 맞물려 항만의 발전에 큰 역할을 하고 있다. 근래 급성장하고 있는 중국의 항만 시장은 GTO에게 엄청난 기회로 부상하고 있다. 그러나 현재로서는 GTO의 해외 진출 시 어떤 요인이 주요하게 작용하는지에 대한 연구가 미비하고, 신규 터미널 후보지 선택에 대한 정형화된 방법론이 없는 실정이다. 이런 배경에서 본 연구에서는 GTO의 해외 진출 시 고려되는 요소들을 평가해보고 이들 평가요소들을 이용하여 중국항만을 대상으로 신규 터미널 후보지를 평가해 보고자 하였다. 먼저 선행연구를 토대로 항만의 발전 잠재력을 포함한 14개의 측정변수들을 선정하였고, 요인분석(factor analysis) 방법을 통하여 운영 및 화물 창출 능력, 항로 보유 및 교역량, 대형선 기항 가능성 및 연계성, 기존 인프라 활용가능성의 4가지로 추출할 수 있었다. 그리고 퍼지계층분석법을 통하여 각 평가요인 및 측정변수들의 가중치를 산정하였다. 그 결과 4개의 평가요인 중 운영 및 화물 창출능력(0.343)이 가장 중요한 요인으로 선정되었으며, 14개의 측정변수 중 항만의 발전 잠재력(0.107)이 가장 중요한 변수로 나타났으며, 다음으로 해당 항만의 환적화물 비중(0.104), 대형선박의 기항빈도(0.090), 다양한 항로의 보유(0.089), 항만의 교역량 정도(0.087) 순으로 파악되었다. 평가요소를 이용하여 중국 항만을 평가해 본 결과 상위 5위권 중국 항만 중 상하이항(0.307)로 가장 우수한 항만으로 확인되었다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.127-147
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• 2016

본 연구는 1997년 부두운영회사(TOC)제 도입 이후 적용과정에서 다수의 문제점이 노정되어 온 현행(2003~2014) TOC제 부두의 임대료 체계를 합리적으로 개선하기 위한 방안을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이에 따라 표준화, 단순화, 형평성 도모라는 세 가지 방향으로 임대료 체계를 개편하고자 하였다. 최종 개편대안은 재산가치와 정책요율인 무역항사용료가 반영된 임대료 산정 방식을 채택하였다. 왜냐하면 현행 임대료 체계의 가장 큰 문제점을 해소하면서 개편에 따른 혼란을 최소화할 수 있기 때문이다. 나아가 적정대안에 의해 재산정된 안벽임대료의 급격한 인상을 방지하기 위해 TOC제 부두별 개편안벽임대료가 기존 선석임대료와 동일하게 되는 개별 조정률을 도입하였다. 이는 임대인인 정부와 항만공사가 부두운영회사(TOC)의 임대료 부담을 경감하는 정책적 목적이 우선될 필요성이 높았기 때문이다. 본 연구는 임대재산의 재산가치를 반영함은 물론 단순하면서도 표준화된 새로운 TOC제 부두 임대료 체계를 마련했다는 데 큰 의의가 있다. 또한 정책요율(무역항 시설사용료)이 적용되는 야적장 통로 창고(상옥) 임대료를 동일한 기준으로 모든 부두에 적용시킴으로써 일정 부문 형평성을 확보한 것도 큰 성과로 평가할 수 있다. 다만 개별 조정률을 도입함에 따라 안벽임대료가 면적에 비례하여 부과되지 못해 형평성이 저해되는 한계점도 동시에 내포하고 있다. 향후 부두 운영 여건이 개선되는 정도에 따라 단계적으로 부두별 개별 조정률을 동일한 목표 조정률인 0.5 수준으로 현실화시켜야 할 것이다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2007

This study was designed to characterize ureteral smooth muscle motility and also to study the effect of forskolin(FSK) and isoproterenol(ISO) on smooth muscle contractility in murine ureter. High $K^+$(50 mM) produced tonic contraction by $0.17{\pm}0.06mN$(n=19). Neuropeptide and neurotransmitters such as serotonin($5{\mu}M$), histamine($20{\mu}M$), and carbarchol(CCh, $10{\sim}50{\mu}M$) did not produce significant contraction. However, CCh($50{\mu}M$) produced slow phasic contraction in the presence of 25 mM $K^+$. Cyclopiazonic acid(CPA, $10{\mu}M$), SR $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase blocker, produced tonic contraction(0.07 mN). Meanwhile, inhibition of mitochondria by protonophore carbnylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone(CCCP) also produced weak tonic contraction(0.01 mN). The possible involvement of $K^+$ channels was also pursued. Tetraethyl ammonium chloride(TEA, 10 mM), glibenclamide($10{\mu}M$) and quinidine($20{\mu}M$) which are known to block $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^+$ channels($K_{Ca}$ channel), ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channels($K_{ATP}$) and nonselective $K^+$ channel, respectively, did not elicit any significant effect. However, $Ba^{2+}$($1{\sim}2mM$), blocker of inward rectifier $K^+$ channels($K_{IR}$ channel), produced phasic contraction in a reversible manner, which was blocked by $1{\mu}M$ nicardipine, a blocker of dehydropyridine-sensitive voltage-dependent L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channels($VDCC_L$) in smooth muscle membrane. This $Ba^{2+}$-induced phasic contraction was significantly enhanced by $10{\mu}M$ cyclopiazonic acid(CPA) in the frequency and amplitude. Finally, regulation of $Ba^{2+}$-induced contraction was studied by FSK and ISO which are known as adenylyl cyclase activator and $\beta$-adrenergic receptor agonist, respectively. These drugs significantly suppressed the frequency and amplitude of $Ba^{2+}$-induced contraction(p<0.05). These results suggest that $Ba^{2+}$ produces phasic contraction in murine ureteral smooth muscle which can be regulated by FSK and $\beta$-adrenergic stimulation.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2015

Purpose - Given globalization, the new niche market of medical tourism is likely to experience sustainable growth for various reasons, such as aging populations and a shift in the medical consumerism paradigm toward prevention. Importantly, understanding medical customers' behavior is necessary to benefit from a competitive advantage in this industry. The existing research primarily accessed the key factors of medical quality and costs to explain health customers' behavior but is limited in terms of enabling an understanding of the decision process. This limitation exists because, given the intangibility and greater associated risks in the highly professional industry of international medical tourism, most customers lack the knowledge and experience needed to evaluate the central factors-such as the medical competence of health care countries-before purchases. Therefore, they actively search for useful information through various distributions to reduce uncertainty and to make better choices. Interestingly, most of these information channels are associated with word-of-mouth (WOM). However, no evidence is found in the literature to estimate the effect of WOM in the medical tourism field. Thus, this study focuses on WOM to explore its interaction with key medical characteristic factors and the attractiveness of destinations referred to by sources. This study also affects customers' evaluations and, in turn, influences their intention to seek health care services abroad. Research design, data, and methodology - The literature review addressed an interesting research model for estimating the relations among WOM, medical characteristics, attractiveness, and customers' choice intention regarding international health care. In the key economic regions in China, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Guangdong, 2,500 survey questionnaires were distributed to potential customers of different ages, education, and income levels. A resulting 1,717 (68.68 percent of the original 2,500) usable surveys were obtained for analysis. Moderated regression analysis was used to determine the effects of WOM in the decision process regarding international health care destinations. Results - The results indicate that WOM is a good moderator of the relationships between the factors evaluated by sources and customers. More importantly, the WOM effects reflect the factors of tie strength, credibility, and vividness. The results also reveal that, given the moderating role of WOM, the intention of potential Chinese customers to seek the referred health care country varies according to the medical characteristics of medical competency and reputation as evaluated by customers. In contrast, the travel attractiveness of the attractions, facilities, accessibility, and social environment are critical determinants of destination choice intention. Conclusions - The moderating role of WOM has been confirmed through the international healthcare destination selection process. Medical tourism managers should user WOM as an effective marketing tool for industry development. Specially, marketers should consider the effects of WOM determinants, such as tie strength, credibility, and vividness, to develop an effective strategy. Furthermore, this study estimates the factors that affect customers' selection of medical tourism destinations. Health care managers or policy makers should consider a broad variety of variables that may attract more Chinese customers to international health care.