• 한국패류학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2003

1999년 1월부터 12월까지 한국 보령 연안에 서식하는 살조개 ( Protothaca jedoensis) 를 대상으로 생식소지수, 생식소 성숙 및 산란에 따른 생식주기, 산란기, 군성숙도, 그리고 성비 등 생식생태를 조사하였다. 생식소는 내장낭의 간중장선 외측을 둘러싸고 있는 외벽 근섬유막으로부터 족부의 외벽근 섬유막 사이에 있는 망상결체 조직층 사이에 다수의 소낭 또는 세관으로 분포하였다 . 난소는 수많은 난소소낭으로, 정소는 다수의 정소세관들로 구성되어 있다. 암수의 생식소지수 (GI)의 월별 변화는 2월부터 점진적으로 증가하기 시작하여, 5월에 최대에 이른 후 6월부터 급격히 감소하여 11월에 최소에 이르고 있어 생식주기의 변화와 유사하였다. 본 종의 산란기는 1년에 1회로 5-7월사이에 일어나며, 산란성기는 해수 수온이 20$^{\circ}C$이상인 6월과 7월사이 이었다. 살조개 암수의 생식주기는 초기활성기 (12-3월), 후기활성기 (2-5월), 완숙기 (4-7월), 부분산란기 (5-8월), 퇴화 및 비활성기 (7-1월) 의 연속적인 5단계로 구분할 수 있었다. 암수 개체의 군성숙도(%) 는 각장 30.1-35.0 mm 인 경우 군성숙도 (%) 는 각각 52.6%와 60.0%이었고, 각장 45.1 mm 이상인 암 ,수 개체들의 성비는 1:1로 유의한 차를 보이지 않았다(X$^2$ = 0.40, p > 0.05).

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1724-1731
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• 2009

마카, 홍삼, 남가새 추출물을 일정한 무게 비율로 혼합하여 발효시켜 얻어진 식물추출복합발효물(MP119)이 성기능에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. ACE(angiotensin converting enzyme)과 PDE(phosphodiesterase)에 대한 저해효과를 통해 혈액순환부진 개선 및 cGMP 농도에 의한 발기능 개선에 미치는 효과를 측정하였다. MP119의 ACE 저해효과를 측정한 결과 $IC_{50}$값이 241.3${\pm}$35.5 ppm, PDE 저해효과를 측정한 결과 $IC_{50}$값이 372.2${\pm}$33.8 ppm으로 나타나 혈관확장으로 인한 혈류량 증가 및 cGMP농도 증가에 영향을 줄 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. MP119는 마우스 정소세포인 TM3 cell에 유의성 있는 독성이 나타나지 않았으며, TM3 cell에 농도별로 처리했을 때 세포배양액으로부터 대조군과 비교하여 최대 20.11% 증가한 testosterone 농도를 확인하였다. 또한 HUVEC에 농도별로 처리했을 때 NO생산량이 MP119 처리 농도가 증가할수록 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 웅성마우스에 MP119를 7일간 경구투여 후 생식장기의 무게와 정자수를 측정하고, MP119를 경구투여한 후 염화카드뮴을 투여하여 생식장기의 무게와 정자수를 측정하였다. 또한 실험쥐로부터 혈청을 분리하여 혈청 내 testosterone과 cGMP를 측정하였다. 그 결과 MP119의 투여를 통해 생식장기의 무게 변화 없이 정자수 증가에 도움을 준다는 것을 확인하였으며, 더불어 혈청 내 testosterone 및 cGMP의 농도 역시 증가하였다. MP119를 투여한 후 염화카드뮴을 투여한 실험군에서 역시 정자수 및 혈청 내 testosterone, cGMP 농도 증가를 나타내었으므로 결과적으로 MP119가 염화카드뮴의 독성예방 및 치료에 효과적임을 확인하였다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2010

This study explores whether or not marriage and other family values operate as factors that influence the willingness of women to voluntarily remain ever-single. The study includes as variables the sub-fields of marriage and family values that consist of traditional gender role awareness, freedom in sexual attitude, open outlook on marriage, familism, an acceptance of diverse families, fear of marriage, and assignment of value to extramarital factors. Participants of this study were 259 women in their twenties to forties with no experience of marriage, which were selected from the data used in the Korean Women's Development Institute's Investigation of Single Households(2007). Upon inserting value-related variables and sociodemographic variables into a binomial logistic model for analysis, age, open outlook on marriage, assigned value on extramarital factors, and an acceptance of diverse families were shown to be factors influencing the willingness of women to remain ever-single. That is, as the age spectrum is lower, outlook on marriage is open, more values are granted on the extramarital factors, and the degree of an acceptance of diverse views on family is higher, the chances that women would remain ever-single voluntarily were shown to increase.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2010

Hematological and serum biochemical values were assessed from 20 clinically healthy Japanese Macaques raised in Everland Zoological Gardens and compared to the International Species Information System (ISIS) reference range that is used internationally as standard for wildlife animals. Taking our standard on sexual maturation at age 4, tRBC values in Macaques under age 4 were significantly lower than those over age 4, but the Hb and PCV values were significantly higher. Compared to the ISIS standard, the tRBC values in Macaques under age 4 were significantly lower whereas the Hb and MCHC values were significantly higher. Moreover, in the samples of Macaques over age 4, the PCV and MCV values were significantly lower than the ISIS standard. On serum biochemistry values the creatinine and amylase values in the Macaques under age 4 were significantly lower than those over age 4. In comparison with the ISIS standard, the values of ALT, ALP, BUN, IP, $Ca^{2+}$ and $K^+$ in the Macaques under age 4 did have no significant difference. The values of TP, GGT, tBil, amylase, TG and UA were significantly higher than the ISIS standard, but the values of albumin, AST, glucose, creatinine, cholesterol, CPK, LDH, $Na^+$ and Clwere significantly lower. In contrast, the values of TP, albumin, ALT, ALP, creatinine, cholesterol, amylase, TG, IP and $Na^+$ in the Macaques over age 4 did have no significant difference, but the values of GGT, BUN, tBil, UA and $Ca^{2+}$ were significantly higher, while the values of AST, glucose, CPK, LDH, $K^+$ and $Cl^-$ were significantly lower. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in hematological and serum biochemical values between the groups of male and female.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.739-754
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• 2006

Glamour, which stands for attractive physical feature with certain mystique, has been recognized by its superficiality and ephemerality in recent postmodernist aesthetics. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive literature of glamour and to contemplate glamour look, thereby to establish the styles of glamour expressed in fashion. For such purposes, this thesis first provides the study on the glamour in design studies, film studies and feminist theories, and to inquire aesthetic values of glamour look, which has been reflected in fashion. The glamour expressed in the fashion design can be classified into the following six aesthetic values: luxury, excess, masquerade, appropriation, sensuality and decadence. (1) Luxury is an expression of expensiveness, ostentatiousness which can be achieved only after putting in extensive an elaborate handworks. (2) Excess is an expression of bigness, scalelessness or extreme abundance. (3) Masquerade, that is a technique of identity which deal with clothing as a metaphor, is an expression of mysterious attractiveness and theatricality. (4) Appropriation is an expression by way of taking something from different time and space. (5) Sensuality is an expression of indulgence of sexual pleasures. Lastly, (6) decadence implies eroticized violence and demoralization.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.175-179
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• 2008

Cornus controversa is a long-lived woody species mostly distributed in East Asia. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Korean populations of this species. A high level of genetic variation was found in seven populations of C. controversa. The mean genetic diversity (H) was 0.222 across populations, varying from 0.200 to 0.238. Eighty of the 93 loci (86.0%) showed detectable polymorphism in at least one population. Total genetic diversity values ($H_T$) varied between 0.192 and 0.231, giving an average overall polymorphic loci of 0.212. The interlocus variation of genetic diversity within populations ($H_S$) was high (0.167). Mean of genetic diversity in C. controversa was higher than average values for species with similar life history traits. The sexual reproduction, perennial habitat, and longevity are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. On a per locus basis, the proportion of total genetic variation due to differences among populations ($G_{ST}$) ranged from 0.169 to 0.278 with a mean of 0.216, indicating that about 21.6% of the total genetic variation was among populations. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=1.893) indicated that gene flow was extensive among Korean populations of C. controversa.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.349-355
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• 2019

Reproductive ecology of rabbit fish, Siganus fuscescens were investigated from samples collected monthly in the coastal waters off Jeju Island of Korea from February to December 2014. In male and female of S. fuscescens, the values of GSI were reached high values between July to August in which the water temperature was high, and then decreased until December. The occurrence of individuals which have mature eggs in ovary were higher from July to August. Therefore, a main spawning season was estimated from July to August, with the highest peak in July. Throughout histological observation of the ovary in the spawning period, S. fuscescens belong to an group-synchronous and has a one spawning season a year. Fecundity of ovary ranged from 380,000 to 2,600,000 during the spawning period. Size at 50% sexual maturity, determined from logistic equation, were 25.1 cm TL which is over two years.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.95-109
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• 2010

The goal of this dissertation is to analyze the formative characteristic and the aesthetic values of Romantic style. To attain the goal of this study, the selected objects are the Romantic styles that were prevalent from the 1830s to the 1880s. The methodology for this study consists of literary research, aesthetics, dress and case study based upon the analysis of the 19th century dress. Based upon the theoretical study, two results are derived from the analysis of Romantic style in $19^{th}$ century dress. First, the formative characteristics of Romantic style dress are suppression of body, fixed form, volume, and ornamentation. The suppression of body is embodied by two ways. One is tightening body parts, such as the off-the-shoulder line and the corset, and the other is applying weights on body through the wearing of layers of petticoat, crinoline and bustle. The characteristic of the fixed form created the fixed silhouettes of women's dress, for example, an X-silhouette formed with wide shoulders created by big puffed sleeves, narrow waist by corset, and wide hemline of voluminous skirt and petticoats. In addition to the X-silhouette, the bustle style created fixed h-silhouette. Volume in the women's dress were visually expressed by big puffed sleeves, a huge skirt and petticoat made with gathers, pleats and flounces, crinolines and a bustle. Ornamentation was used to express an elegant and fantastic style not only by using luxurious materials in various colors and patterns, but also by applying sumptuous details and trimmings. Second, the aesthetic values of Romantic style dress are subordination, sensuality, and maternity. Women's dress of the 19th century not only restricted free movement and symbolized men's wealth and status, but also was used as an important tool for seducing men by exposing and accentuating the sexual body, thus becoming a symbol of fertility as a metaphor of pregnancy and uterus. These aesthetic values represented in dress incorporated the contemporary requirements of women of the time.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.3.1-3.8
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• 2020

Background: The IGF system plays important roles in controlling growth, development, reproduction, and aging of organisms. Methods: To estimate maturation of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, we investigated the expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system components and sex-specific genes. To determine the role of the IGF system in the growth and spawning period of female and male oysters, we examined mRNA expression levels of the C. gigas insulin receptor-related receptor (CIR), IGF binding protein complex acid labile subunit (IGFBP_ALS), and molluscan insulin-related peptide (MIP), as well as those of vitellogenin (Vg) and receptor-type guanylate cyclase (Gyc76C) in gonads of C. gigas collected between April and October, when sex can be determined visually in this species. Results: We found that MIP, IGFBP_ALS, and CIR mRNA expression levels were dependent on sex and month and were greater in males than in females. CIR and Vg mRNA expression levels were very similar among females, whereas IGF system components and Gyc76C were very similarly expressed among males. The highest expression values were observed in May, when oysters are mature; CIR and Vg mRNA expression levels were highest in females, and those of MIP, IGFBP_ALS, CIR, and Gyc76C were highest in males. Interestingly, we observed a 1:1 proportion of females to males during this period. Conclusion: Our results suggest that IGF system components, as well as Vg and Gyc76C, are associated with sexual maturation in C. gigas.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.256-264
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• 2017

Background: The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the sexual reproduction and the resource allocation in a natural Polygonatum humile population grown in a temperate mixed forest gap. For this aim, the plant size, the node which flower was formed, the fruiting rate, and the dry weight of each organ were monitored from June 2014 to August 2015. Results: Firstly, in 3-13-leaf plants, plants with leaves ${\leq}8$ did not have flowers and in plants with over 9 leaves the flowering rate increased with the number of leaves. Among plants with the same number of leaves, the total leaf area and dry weight of flowering plants were larger than those of non-flowering plants. The minimum leaf area and dry weight of flowering plants were $100cm^2$ and 200 mg, respectively. Secondary, the flowers were formed at the 3rd~8th nodes, and the flowering rate was highest at the 5th node. Thirdly, cumulative values of leaf properties from the last leaf (the top leaf on a stem) to the same leaf rank were greater in a plant with a reproductive organ than in a plant without a reproductive organ. Fourthly, fruit set was 6.1% and faithful fruit was 2.6% of total flowers. Biomasses of new rhizomes produced per milligram dry weight of leaf were $0.397{\pm}190mg$ in plants that set fruit and $0.520{\pm}0.263mg$ in plants that did not, and the difference between the 2 plant groups was significant at the 0.1% level. Conclusions: P. humile showed that the 1st flower formed on the 3rd node from the shoot's base. And P. humile showed the minimum plant size needed in fruiting, and fruiting restricted the growth of new rhizomes. However, the fruiting rate was very low. Thus, it was thought that the low fruiting rate caused more energy to invest in the rhizomes, leading to a longer rhizome. A longer rhizome was thought to be more advantageous than a short one to avoid the shading.