• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2000

Several studies have shown that the stomach has sufficient alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity to metabolize some amount of orally administered alcohol and the sex-related differences in the first-pass metabolism of alcohol might be associated with differences in the activity of gastric ADH(GADH). The aim of this study was to asses the sex-related differences in GADH in 48 male and 48 female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 1, 4, 10, 15, 20, and 30 weeks which each aged group had same sex ratio. The GADH activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 37$^{\circ}C$. The formation of NADH was monitored at 340nm for 10 minutes in the 1 ml of reaction mixture (0.5 M of Tris-HCl, pH 7.2 + 1.5 M of ethanol + 2.8 mM of NAD + 30 $\mu$l gastric mucosal supernatant). The GADH activity (nM of NADH/min/mg of cytosolic protein) was calculated using molecular extinction coefficient of 6.22 $\textrm{cm}^2$/$\mu$M for NADH. The GADH activities were 2.94$\pm$0.82 (n=48) in female rats and 3.34$\pm$2.17 (n=48) in male rats and had not significant difference between sex. However, the GADH activities were significantly (p<0.01) higher in female (1.91$\pm$0.59 and 3.30$\pm$0.49) than in male (0.68$\pm$0.43 and 1.92$\pm$0.81) of 1 and 4 weeks rats. However, it was significantly (p<0.05) higher in male (6.48$\pm$1.81, 3.65$\pm$1.04 and 5.13$\pm$1.30) than in female (4.23$\pm$1.23, 2.18$\pm$0.77 and 2.56$\pm$0.93) of 10, 20 and 30 weeks rats, respectively. Therefore, the results suggested that sex-related differences of the GADH activities in same aged rats were existed by age.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.141-145
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• 2000

Background and Objectives : The nasalance score measured by Nasometer is a supplementary data for the perceptually rated nasality by a trained speech pathologist. The nasalance score varies with subjects. The objective of the present study was to examine whether there are differences in nasalance scores as a function of age and sex. Materials and Method : This study used 20 normal chidren aged from 3 to 8 and 40 normal adults aged from 21 to 37(male : female= 1 : 1) as subjects. The nasalance scores were analyzed in 3 different phonetic contests(nasal, /i/ vowel,/a/ vowel) and 4 different sentence lengths(1, 2, 4, 8 syllable). Results : The children had significantly higher nasalance scores in short sentences an the adults. The female subjects had significantly higher nasalance scores in nasal sentences and in short sentences than the male subjects. Conclusion : These results may indicate that sex and age differences should be considered in the interpretation of the nasalance score in nasal sentences or in short sentences.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.378-388
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• 2023

Background: With increasing interest in health in old age, aspects of oral aging are being considered. The Korean Academy of Geriatric Dentistry recently proposed the diagnostic criteria for oral frailty in older adults in Korea. This study aimed to conduct a cross-sectional survey of factors related to oral frailty among community-dwelling older adults and identify differences in oral frailty status according to age and sex. Methods: Among 217 older adults aged ≥60 years who visited a senior center in Wonju, 206 completed all tests for oral frailty. Among them, data from those with a Korean Version of the Modified Barthel Index score ≥90 were used in the final analysis. After evaluating oral frailty diagnostic factors such as chewing ability, occlusal force, tongue pressure, oral dryness, oral cleanliness, and swallowing function, oral hypofunction was determined according to the oral frailty diagnostic criteria. Subsequently, the evaluation results were compared based on sex and age. Results: Significant differences in chewing ability, maximum occlusal pressure, and maximum tongue pressure were observed between sexes. However, these differences did not affect oral frailty diagnosis. All diagnostic factors of oral frailty, except for the risk of oral dryness and swallowing dysfunction, showed significant differences with age. However, no significant difference was observed in the prevalence of oral frailty. Additionally, this study found no relationship between sex and oral frailty factors using the oral frailty diagnostic criteria. However, it also found that age plays a significant role as an oral frailty diagnostic indicator, in addition to oral dryness and swallowing function. Conclusion: Sex and age did not affect oral frailty diagnosis. However, patients' chewing ability, occlusal force, and tongue pressure were affected by sex and age. Therefore, sex and age should be considered when diagnosing and intervening in oral frailty in the future.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the utilization of Korean medical clinics by sex. Methods: Data was based on reports about usage and consumption of Korean medicine in 2011 by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. 171 Korean medical hospitals and more than 300 Korean medical clinics were selected after 2 rounds of extraction, from the 12,250 Korean medical institutions throughout the country. The investigation was carried out between August 25 and September 30, 2011. The study group was composed of 290 men and 813 women; Korean medical institutions including clinics and hospitals were mainly used for their health care. Results: 1. For sociodemographic distribution, sex, marital status, education level, occupation status, and income level showed statistically significant differences. 2. Females had a lower subjective health status than did males. Muscle injury, hwa-byung, gastric disorder, lumbago, common cold, weight loss, and herbal tonics showed differences in prevalence rates between the sexes. 3. Arthritis, muscle injury, gastric disorder, ankle sprain, herbal tonics, and stroke showed differences in usage rates between the sexes. Likewise, major treatment methods had differences between the sexes. 4. There were no statistically significant differences between the sexes concerning acupuncture. Conclusions: Females were lower than males in several aspects of income and education level and occupation status. Males had a higher subjective health status than did females. Differences by sex of treatment methods and prevalence rates of several diseases existed.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.6 s.105
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• pp.971-983
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• 2004

It is increasingly clear that student mastery of concepts and skills in geographic education is based on a complex set of variables. Sex and gender are the key variables. Much has been written about biological sex differences in learning, but less attention has been paid to the impacts of socio-cultural gender on learning geography. As such, the aims of this paper are two-fold. First, to examine theories which seek to explain why males and females might differ in their geographic and spatial knowledge or skill. Second, to examine the extent of sex differences and gender traits in the geographic learning. The results of study illustrate clearly that there are more similarities than differences between the sexes. Therefore, there are significant gender differences between the preferences of regions, contents, activities in the secondary geographic learning. The results also provide insights into improving contents and method of geographic education.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to investigate the visual effects of clothing design. The specific objectives were: 1) to develop a clothing design evaluation instrument using semantic differential scales for the purpose of measuring visual responses with clothing design: 2) to identify the factor structure of the clothing design evaluation instrument: 3) to test the differences of perception to the clothing design depending on sex and knowledge about clothing design. The major findings were: 1. 37 pairs of descriptors of clothing form were found to include five factor dimensions (total variance:62.1%). Five major factors were found: attractiveness, practicability, elegance, comfort, hardness and softness. 2. for the visual evaluation of silhouettes, there were significant differences. H-line was explained by the simple image. A-line was explained by the comfortable image. V-line was explained by the mature and refined image. X-line was explained by the attractive and femine image and evaluated positively. 3. For the visual evaluation of observers, there were partly significant differences depending on sex and knowledge about clothing design in the observers' responses. But there were greater differences depending on sex than knowledge about clothing design in the observers' responses.

• International Journal of Costume and Fashion
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• v.3
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• pp.107-120
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the clothing image perception of elderly women according to the clothing types, the clothing colors, the perceiver's sex-role attitude, and gender. Result of factor analysis revealed that the dimensions of clothing image perception was classified into four categories: evaluation, youth, warmth, and activity. Perceiver's sex-role attitude and gender gave a significant influence on the perception of evaluation factor. Youth factor had an interaction effect on the clothing types, clothing colors, and sex-role attitudes. The persons with a conservative sex-role attitude perceived the clothing image of warm color suits as younger than the one of cold colors. The clothing image of a warm colored Hanbok (Korean traditional dress) was perceived milder than a cold one, but there were no difference in suits. Bright color suits make the wearer look younger, and cold color suits make the wearer look active. The clothing color had greater influences on the warmth and the evaluation factor than clothing types. Persons who have a conservative sex-role attitude perceived the differences according to clothing types and colors in a traditional way. It could be certified that perceiver's sex-role attitude was one of the variables influencing his/her perception in social interaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 1998

The purposes of this study are to identify sex-role Identity and stereotypes in students-specifically, to compare men with women, and high school students with college students The subjects consisted of 283 college students and 392 high school students in Seoul A Bem's Sex-Role Inventory translated by Hur, Sookja for sex-role identity stereotype scales and modified by Kim, Dongil was used The major findings were as follows 1 Androgyny type was the most prevalent of all four types (35 3%) in college male students, but undifferentiated type was the most common (36 8%) for college female students 2 The sex-role identity distribution of high school male and female students was undifferentiated, androgyny, feminity, and masculinity in that order 3 There was a significant difference between male and female students in the perception sex stereotypes Women were inclined to oppose traditional sex-roles rather than men 4 There were significant differences between high school and college students in the perception of domestic sex-roles, appearance and occupational characteristics, as well as the psychosocial traits of sex stereotypes The college students tended to resist traditional sex-roles rather than high school students 5 There were no significant differences between sex-role types and sex stereotypes In conclusion, women have difficulty in developing a sex-role identity owing to the contradiction between a woman's desirable sex-role and her feminity sex-role identity.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 1997

The purpose of the survey was to Identify the degree and the relationship of sexual knowledge, sexual attitude. This information will provide useful data for a more systematic, desirable, and practical sex education. The data was collected from 187 first grade schoolchildren(95 boys and 92 girls) of two Junior high school in Chun-nam area. The data was gathered by questionnaire from Oct. 1 to 15, 1996. The questionnaire was modified by authors using the questionnaire developed by You-Jeong, Han (1996). Data was analyzed by using the statistical computer package, SAS to manipulate the data along with percentages, means, standard deviation, t-test, χ²-test, GLM, and Pearson correlation coeffiency. The results in this study were summarized as follows: 1. Sex related knowledges.-The mean score of sex related knowledges showed significant differences between boys and girls (boys : 22.3, girls .21.0, p<0.025), and in the area of pregnancy & delivary(boys : 9.4, girls : 7.9, P<0.000) showed significant difference between boys and girls, but in the area of physical differeces of the other sex(boys : 12.9, girls ; 13.1, p<0.551) showed no significant difference between boys and girls. 2. Sex related attitudes.-The mean score of sex related altitudes showed significant difference between boys and girls (boys : 56.7, girls : 60.5, p<0.002) and in the area of psychological difference the other sex(boys 28.9, girls : 32.5, p

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.53-63
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• 2012

Purpose: This study examines and compares the differences between self-esteem and health promotion behavior of health department and non-health department college students. Method: The research instruments were as follows : The first one is RSES developed by Rosenberg and translated into Korean by Jeon. The second one is HPLP developed by Walker et al, and including six subareas by Lee and modified to be suitable to Korean culture by Suh. Data were statistically analyzed with SPSS PC/12.0. Results : 1. Comparison of self-esteem had no significant difference(p=.190) and health promotion behaviors had significant differences(p=.000) between the two groups. 2. According to general characteristics and health-related characteristics, the differences of self-esteem in health department showed significant differences in grade(p=.020), sex(p=.000), age(p=.000), parents' economic conditions(p=.048), and smoking(p=.030) while non-health departments revealed significant differences in grade(p=.003), sex(p=.000), age(p=.000) and smoking(p=.001). 3. According to general characteristics and health-related characteristics, the differences of health promotion behaviors in health department showed significant differences in grade(p=.008), sex(p=.021), age(p=.000) and parents' economic conditions(p=.017) while non-health department revealed significant differences in sex(p=.000) and age(p=.000). 4. There were positive correlations between self-esteem, health promotion behaviors and subareas in health department (r=.422) and non-health department (r=.383). Conclusion: There were significant positive correlations between self-esteem and health promotion behaviors in health and non-health department college students. Therefore, health related programs should be developed to enhance self-esteem and health management by college students can influence themselves on self-esteem and health promotion behaviors.