• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.128-134
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• 2019

Background: Patients with rotator cuff tears are usually afflicted with shoulder pain and disability. However, it is unclear which factors are related to shoulder pain in patients with rotator cuff tears. This study was therefore undertaken to determine the factors correlated with shoulder pain in patients with painful rotator cuff tears, but without any history of trauma. Methods: We evaluated a cohort of 745 patients with painful rotator cuff tears having no trauma history, and analyzed the relationship between pain and multiple factors including demographic data, tear characteristics, and passive range of motion. Pain was analyzed with a questionnaire concerning the visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain. Tear characteristics were determined by evaluating tear size, muscle atrophy, number of torn tendons, and presence of arthritis. Multivariate linear regression analysis and chi-squared test were applied to evaluate the relationship between the VAS for pain and variable factors. Results: Shoulder pain was associated with young age (p=0.01), male sex (p=0.01) and the presence of diabetes mellitus (p<0.001). Measurements of rotator cuff tear characteristics including tear size (p=0.53), muscle atrophy (p=0.16) and the number of torn tendons (p=0.34) did not correlate with shoulder pain. Symptom duration (p=0.60) and range of motion (p>0.05) also showed no correlation with VAS for pain. Conclusions: Young age, male sex and the presence of diabetes mellitus correlated positively with preoperative shoulder pain in patients with painful rotator cuff tears without a trauma history. Combined treatment of pain management and risk factor correction could be helpful to control preoperative shoulder pain.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.890-900
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• 2021

Objective: To identify the association between morphological and functional characteristics of the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and bicuspid aortopathy and to identify the determinants of aortic dilatation using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and cardiac computed tomography (CCT). Materials and Methods: This study included 312 subjects (mean [SD] age, 52.7 [14.3] years; 227 males [72.8%]) who underwent TTE and CCT. The BAVs were classified by anterior-posterior (BAV-AP) or right-left (BAV-RL) orientation of the cusps and divided according to the presence (raphe+) or absence of a raphe (raphe-) based on the CCT and intraoperative findings. The dimensions of the sinus of Valsalva and the proximal ascending aorta were measured by CCT. We assessed the determinants of aortic root and proximal ascending aortic dilatation (size index > 2.1 cm/m²) by Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: Of the 312 patients, BAV-AP was present in 188 patients (60.3%), and 185 patients (59.3%) were raphe+. Moderate-to-severe aortic stenosis (AS) was the most common hemodynamic abnormality (54.8%). The most common type of aortopathy was the combined dilated root and mid-ascending aortic phenotype (62.5%). On multivariable analysis, age and AS severity were significantly associated with aortic root dilatation (p < 0.05), and age, sex, and AS severity were significantly associated with ascending aortic dilatation (p < 0.05). However, the orientation of the cusps, presence of a raphe, and severity of aortic regurgitation were not associated with aortic root and ascending aortic dilatation. Conclusion: BAV morphological characteristics were not determinants of aortic dilatation. Age, sex, and AS severity were predictors of bicuspid aortopathy. Therefore, age, sex, and AS severity, rather than valve morphology, need to be considered when planning treatment for BAV patients.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.136-144
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• 2010

Objectives : The $2^{nd}$ to $4^{th}$ digit length(2D : 4D) ratio reflects the amount of exposure and sensitivity to the prenatal sex hormone and it is considered to be the most convenient and useful way to understand the influence of sex hormone in the determination of human behavioral traits. This study was carried out to find the correlation between the 2D : 4D ratio and characteristics of temperament and character in Korean university students. We assumed that 2D : 4D ratio would show a strong correlation with temperament which is defined to be an inclination of an automatical emotional response to a stimulus. Methods : Participants were 104 university students who completed 2 self-report measures : Temperament and Character Inventory(TCI), Temperament Test. We examined the 2D : 4D ratio of each subject by measuring the lengths of the $2^{nd}$ and $4^{th}$ fingers using a photocopy measurement. We performed statistical analyses using correlation test and t-test to examine the relationship between 2D : 4D ratio and psychological characteristics. Results : We found out the typical sex difference in 2D : 4D ratio. Women had significantly higher 2D : 4D ratio than men. TCI-Character factor(TCI-C) didn't show any significant correlation with the 2D : 4D ratio. TCI-Tempterament factor(TCI-T) and the item of Temperament Test showed a significant correlation with the 2D : 4D ratio. In correlation analysis of the total group including all women and men, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant positive correlation in a subscale(shyness with stranger) of harm avoidance scales in TCI-T. In correlation analysis of women's group, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant positive correlation in two subscales( fear of uncertainty) and[shyness to stranger] of harm avoidance scales in TCI-T. In correlation analysis of men's group, the 2D : 4D ratio showed a significant negative correlation with a sanguine temperament item of the Temperament Test. Conclusion : The results suggest that the amount of exposure to sex hormone in the prenatal period seems to have an impact on the determination of temperament and characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.123-137
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• 1986

The present study was designed to answer the following questions : The first overall question had to do with the relationship between sex-role identity and self-esteem-more specifically, is androgyny or masculinity more importamt in explaining the variation in self-esteem? The second overall question had to do with the degree to which the relationship between sex-role identity and self-esteem is a universal or a culturally specific phenomeon-more specifically, is the relationship between sex-role identity and self-esteem the same in Korean and American cultures? The Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Coopersmith Self Esteem Inventory were administered to 208 American college students and 207 Korean college students, respectively, in introductory sociology classes. The BSRI and SEI are standardized for American subjects and written in English. Prior to administering these instruments to Korean subjects, they were translated ito the Korean Language. In order to fully explore the data, qualitative as well as quantitative measurement of the BSRI were used, and both factorial and regression analyses were performed in this study. The most important cross-cultural differences found in the present study are directly related to the two research questions. In the U.S. sample, masculine attributes were found to be more important in explaining self-esteem. On the other hand, androgynous attributes were positively related to self-esteem in the Korean sample. These findings also provide the answer to the second question. That is, different cross-cultural patterns of relationship were found between sexrole identity and self-esteem, providing some support for a culture-bound relationship. These cross-cultural differences were discussed in terms of both confucian values held by Koreans and Bakan's suggestion of a positive relationship between agentic characteristics and modernization.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.25-35
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• 1986

The purpose of the study is to research unisex clothing attitude and clothing behavior and to compare the former with the later according to the different sex, the other walks of life and their professional occupations. The factors that one sex clothing has changed to the other sex clothing are illustrated in its attitude and then there are five distinguished parts such as aesthetics, utility, status symbol, conformity and modesty. A common questionaire is introduced for the way to survey them and the sources to measure them are gathered from the former studies for them but some of them are corrected, collegians in the city of Seoul, Sum total ; 578 students including 291 male students and 287 female students are investigated for this research. The date is analyzed by correlation, percentage, mean, analysis of variance and t-test. RESULTS : 1. The affirmative response to the questionaire is reflected stronger by the part of female's cloths changing to male's clothing than by the part of male's cloths changing to female's clothing. 2. Unisex clothing is more affirmative in the group of the same sex persons' living than in the group of the different sex people. 3. A unisex clothing goes for the characteristics of a person but it goes against the modesty. 4. The opinions from the negative group about Unisex clothing show us conspicuous viewpoints compared with them from the affirmative group about it. 5. The number of the group to describe the agreed opinion about Unisex clothing and to point out the trait of any person are so many. 6. While the number of the male group to be right view about Unisex clothing in becoming more and more female style shows us high interesting in status symbol for persons, the female group to agree with female Unisex clothing show us their high concerns at the utility.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.10 no.1 s.19
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• pp.207-228
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• 1992

This study investigated the relationship between personality characteristics of individual and adjustment in the mid-life. The subjects of the study consisted of 374 married persons(185 men and 189 women) who live in Seoul and are 40 to 50 years old and whose last child is in middle school. Bem's short form BSRI, Rotter(1966)'s Internal-External Scale and Hayes & Stinnett(1977)'s MYLSS were used as measurements tools. The major results of the study were summarized as follows ; 1) While sex-role identity of middle aged men appeared in the follwing order ; Androgynous, masculine, undifferentiated, feminine, sec-role identity of middle aged women appeared in the following order ; Undifferentiated, androgynous, feminine, masculine. Both men and women had the moderate scores on the locus of control. The middle aged expressed a moderate level of life satisfaction with middle aged men reporting significantly a higher life satisfaction than did women. 2) Socio-demographic variables such as age, education, occuption and income have turned out to be significant on the life satisfaction of middle aged men. As for the life satisfacton of middle aged women, age, education, husband's occuption and religon had significant influences However, employment status of women, family structure, marital duration, number of child, status of last child, status of first child had no significant influences on Mid-life satisfaction. 3) Mid-life satisfaction of men and women was influenced significantly by sex-role identity and internal-external locus of control. Those men described as masculine and those women androgynous in the sex-role identity had the highest life satisfaction. On the other hand those of undifferentiated in the sex-role identity had the lowest life satisfaction. High levels of internal control were associated with high levels of life satisfaction. 4) The variables affecting the life satisfaction of middle aged men and women were education, income, sex-role identity, internal control. These 4 variables explained 27% of the life satisfaction of middle aged men and 24% of the life satisfaction of middle aged women.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2014

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the utilization of Korean medical clinics by sex. Methods: Data was based on reports about usage and consumption of Korean medicine in 2011 by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. 171 Korean medical hospitals and more than 300 Korean medical clinics were selected after 2 rounds of extraction, from the 12,250 Korean medical institutions throughout the country. The investigation was carried out between August 25 and September 30, 2011. The study group was composed of 290 men and 813 women; Korean medical institutions including clinics and hospitals were mainly used for their health care. Results: 1. For sociodemographic distribution, sex, marital status, education level, occupation status, and income level showed statistically significant differences. 2. Females had a lower subjective health status than did males. Muscle injury, hwa-byung, gastric disorder, lumbago, common cold, weight loss, and herbal tonics showed differences in prevalence rates between the sexes. 3. Arthritis, muscle injury, gastric disorder, ankle sprain, herbal tonics, and stroke showed differences in usage rates between the sexes. Likewise, major treatment methods had differences between the sexes. 4. There were no statistically significant differences between the sexes concerning acupuncture. Conclusions: Females were lower than males in several aspects of income and education level and occupation status. Males had a higher subjective health status than did females. Differences by sex of treatment methods and prevalence rates of several diseases existed.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-69
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• 1992

This study was planned and carried out 1) to identify the general menstrual characteristics, 2) to understand perimenstrual discomfort, menstrual attitude, and sex role acceptance, 3) to investigate the correlation between perimenstrual discomfort, menstrual attitude, sex role acceptance in order to provide basic information about menstruation. The subjects of this study were 313 college women and they were asked to check Menstrual Discomfort questionnaire, Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire, and Role Acceptance Scale. Data were gathered from April 1 to June 24, 1992. The results were as follows : 1) The mean age of the subjects was 19, and the mean age of monarch was 13.6 ranged from 11 to 19. The distribution of menstrual cycle showed a wide variation and the mean cycle was 29.7 days. The duration of menstrual cycle was between 2-8 days, and in 65.8% the amount of menstrual fluid was within normal limit. 2) The frequencies of perimenstrual discomfort was 56.9% when asked to check it on 5 point scale. 3) All scores of perimenstrual discomfort were higher on premenstrual period than intermenstrual period, and higher on menstrual period than premenstrual period. They were statistically significant. 4) In general, the college women perceived menstruation as natural, somewhat bothersome, and not very debilitating or predictable, although they did not deny that menstruation had some effects. 5) The correlation between perimenstrual discomfort and menstrual attitude was significant. 6) The correlation between perimenstrual discomfort and sex role acceptance was significant. 7) The correlation between menstrual attitude and sex role acceptance was significant.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.1632-1643
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• 2013

This study investigated the characteristics of obsessive behaviors in romantic relationship of 42 female sex workers and the effect of traumatic experiences on them. Research results that there was no significant difference in loneliness, jealousy, over sensitiveness between the female sex workers group and the controls. But fear of rejection and doubt in the romantic relationship are significantly higher in the female sex workers group than in the controls. Among the subscales, childhood neglect and family secret were most frequently associated with the various obsessive behaviors. This is also the case for the control group, with family secret and physical abuse being the most. Finally, in regression analysis, in the control group, childhood physical abuse had the biggest impact on the obsessive behaviors in romantic relationship. On the other hand, the target group, childhood neglect had the biggest impact on the obsessive behaviors in romantic relationship.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.619-626
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• 2012

This study investigated the food quality characteristics of mottled skate Raja pulchra including the proximate composition, taste, color, flavor and texture as affected by area caught (Heuksando and Daecheongdo), sex and fish weight (heavy, intermediate and light grades). Based on viable cell counts, all of the mottled skates studied remained fresh. The moisture and protein contents of the mottled skate did not differ by the area caught and fish weight, but differed by fish sex. The taste of mottled skate was affected only by fish weight. The texture of the mottled skate differed according to fish sex and fish weight. The odor intensity did not differ for the three parameters.