• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.223-227
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• 2007

A rapid, simple and sensitive LC/MS/MS method for the determination of lercanidipine in human serum was validated and applied to the pharmacokinetic study of lercanidipine. Lercanidipine and internal standard, amlodipine, were extracted from human serum by liquid-liquid extraction with hexan-isoamyl alcohol (100: 1, v/v) and analyzed on a $Symmetry^{(R)}$ MS $C_{18}$ column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.2% aqueous formic acid (70: 30, v/v). Using MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, lercanidipine and amlodipine were detected without severe interferences from human serum matrix. Lercanidipine produced a protonated precursor ion ($[M+H]^+$) at m/z 612.3 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 280.0. Internal standard produced a protonated precursor ion ($[M+H]^+$]) at m/z 409.0 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 238.0. The ruggedness of this method was investigated using quality control (QC) samples. This method showed linear response over the concentration range of 0.05-20 ng/mL with correlation coefficient greater than 0.999. The lower limit of quantitation using 0.5 mL of serum was 0.05 ng/mL, which was sensitive enough for pharmacokinetic studies. The overall accuracy of the developed method ranged from 85.51 to 112.2% for lercanidipine with overall precision (% C.V.) being 3.56-13.1%. This method showed good ruggedness (within 15% C.V.) and was successfully applied for the analysis of lercanidipine in human serum samples for the pharmacokinetic studies, demonstrating the suitability of the method.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.1053-1058
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• 2008

글루타티온은 간 질환용 치료제 내지는 영양보충제로 시판되고 있다. 이전 실험에서 글루타티온 고함유 효모 Saccharomyces cerevisiae FF-8 균체(FF-8GY) 투여가 사염화탄소 및 알코올성 유발 간독성 개선효과를 나타내었다. 따라서, 알코올성 지방간의 산화 스트레스에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 시판되고 있는 글루타티온 고함유 효모 추출물(GYE)과 본 실험실에서 분리한 글루타티온 고함유 효모 FF-8GY을 비교실험 하였다. FF-8GY 또는 GYE 투여에 의한 간 조직 중의 산화스트레스 측정지표로서는 과산화지질(TBARS) 및 글루타티온 함량을 측정하였다. TBARS 농도는 간 조직 homogenize 분획에서 알코올 투여 대조군에 비해 FF-8GY 투여 실험군에서 5%수준에서 유의적으로 감소하였으며, GYE 투여에 의해서는 감소경향을 보였다. 간 조직 microsomal 및 mitochondria 분획에서도 같은 경향이 관찰되었다. 이때 간 조직 중의 글루타티온 농도는 정상군 보다 알코올 투여 대조군에서 5%수준에서 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 이러한 감소는 GYE 투여에 의해 더욱 감소되었으나 FF-8GY 투여에 의해서 정상군 수준까지 회복되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 간조직의 손상정도를 나타내는 또 하나의 지표인 혈청 총단백질 및 알부민 농도는 알코올 처리 대조군에서 낮게 나타난 반면 FF-8GY 투여에 의해 정상군 수준 이상으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 글루타티온 고함유 효모 Saccharomyces cerevisiae FF-8 균체(FF-8GY)의 투여에 따른 알코올성 유발 산화스트레스의 경감 효과는 시판되고 있는 글루타티온 고함유 효모 추출물 보다 더욱 현저한 개선 효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.1007-1013
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• 2004

The study was conducted to investigate per oral (PO) effects of Raspberry wine on testosterone levels in Sprague-Dawley rats. Raspberry wine of 13% alcohol concentration, was prepared from ripen fruits of Rubus coreanus fermented with Saccharomyces cervisiae. PO administration of Raspberry wine for 15 week (group A) produced dramatic increases of serum testosterone levels. Increase in the testosterone level was observed, using gamma counter with 1251 testosterone, starting from 1 week post administration. Maximum increase in testosterone level was observed at 5 week post administration, 7.486±6.482ng/mL, which was 14.6 times higher than normal and at 15 weeks post administration it was recorded as 1.84±3.516ng/mL. However, PO administration of Saccharomyces cervisiae broth (Group B) and 13% brewed alcohol (group C) for 15 weeks resulted slight increase in testosterone levels, indicating Raspberry wine as an effective phyto-testosogenic beverage of the future.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.102-111
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• 2024

Objective: Given the noteworthy implications of alcohol consumption and its association with male infertility, there has been a notable focus on investigating natural alternatives to mitigate its adverse effects. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the potential protective effect of phycocyanin extract derived from the blue algae Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis against ethanol-induced oxidative stress, disturbances in testicular morphology, and alterations in sperm production. Methods: Male rats were divided into four groups (five rats each): the control group received a saline solution, the ethanol exposed group (EtOH) was subjected to intraperitoneal injections of 10 mL/kg of ethanol solution at a concentration of 38% (v/v), the phycocyanin alone treated group (P) received oral administration of phycocyanin at a dosage of 50 mg/kg, and the phycocyanin-cotreated group (PE) was given oral phycocyanin followed by ethanol injections. All treatments were administered over a period of 14 days. Results: Our findings demonstrated that ethanol exposure induced reproductive toxicity, characterized by reduced sperm production and viability, alterations in testicular weight and morphology, increased lipid peroxidation levels, and elevated oxidative enzyme activity. In addition, the ethanol-intoxicated group showed perturbations in serum biochemical parameters. However, the simultaneous exposure to ethanol and phycocyanin exhibited a counteractive effect against ethanol toxicity. Conclusion: The results showed that supplementation of phycocyanin prevented oxidative and testicular morphological damage-induced by ethanol and maintained normal sperm production, and viability.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.655-662
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• 2016

본 시험은 흑홍삼이 함유된 혼합물의 숙취해소효능을 확인하기 위해 수행하였다. 효소원을 이용한 혼합 재료들 간의 ADH와 ALDH의 활성은 시중에 판매되고 있는 타사 비교군에 비해 현저히 높은 값을 보였다. 그리고 알코올을 투여하여 숙취를 유도한 시험동물의 혈중 에탄올의 양과 아세트알데히드의 양을 측정하여 생체 내 알코올 분해효능을 평가한 결과, 흑홍삼혼합물을 섭취한 군에서 알코올 투여 1시간 후부터 에탄올의 양은 숙취유도군에 비해 월등히 낮았으며, 시간이 지날수록 농도 의존적으로 에탄올의 양이 감소하였다. 주요 숙취 증상을 야기하는 아세트알데히드의 양은 숙취유도군에서 시간이 지날수록 증가한 반면, 흑홍삼혼합물 섭취군은 알코올 섭취 1시간 후부터 증가하였다가 시간이 지날수록 빠르게 감소함을 확인하였다. 또한 흑홍삼혼합물이 알코올분해효소의 활성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 간 조직을 분리해 ADH와 ALDH의 활성을 측정한 결과, 흑홍삼혼합물을 섭취한 군이 타사 비교군에 비해 높은 활성을 보임을 확인하였다. 이상의 시험결과로 보아 흑홍삼 혼합음료는 혈중 에탄올의 흡수를 지연시킬 뿐 아니라, ADH와 ALDH의 활성을 증가시켜 혈중 에탄올과 아세트알데히드의 농도를 효과적으로 감소시켜 숙취해소 음료로 이용이 가능하리라 기대된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.377-385
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• 2017

Objectives: Although mercury (Hg) exposure is known to be neurotoxic in humans, its effects on liver function have been less often reported. The aim of this study was to investigate whether total Hg exposure in Korean adults was associated with elevated serum levels of the liver enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). Methods: We repeatedly examined the levels of total Hg and liver enzymes in the blood of 508 adults during 2010-2011 and 2014-2015. Cross-sectional associations between levels of blood Hg and liver enzymes were analyzed using a generalized linear model, and nonlinear relationships were analyzed using a generalized additive mixed model. Generalized estimating equations were applied to examine longitudinal associations, considering the correlations of individuals measured repeatedly. Results: GGT increased by 11.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.5 to 18.0%) in women and 8.1% (95% CI, -0.5 to 17.4%) in men per doubling of Hg levels, but AST and ALT were not significantly associated with Hg in either men or women. In women who drank more than 2 or 3 times per week, AST, ALT, and GGT levels increased by 10.6% (95% CI, 4.2 to 17.5%), 7.7% (95% CI, 1.1 to 14.7%), and 37.5% (95% CI,15.2 to 64.3%) per doubling of Hg levels, respectively, showing an interaction between blood Hg levels and drinking. Conclusions: Hg exposure was associated with an elevated serum concentration of GGT. Especially in women who were frequent drinkers, AST, ALT, and GGT showed a significant increase, with a significant synergistic effect of Hg and alcohol consumption.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2004

Alcohol consumption and exposure to endocrine disruptors and industrial solvents have been implicated in impaired spermatogenesis, increase in the incidence of malformed sperm and decrease in the percentage of moving sperm. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the direct effects of some organic solvents(bisphenol A; BPA, dibutyl phthalate; DBP, formaldehyde; HCHO, dimethylsulphoxide; DMSO, ethanol) on mucus penetration distance, motility and survival rate of human sperm in vitro. Semen samples from 3 health subjects were prepared using swim-up method and 0.0005-0.5% organic solvents were added to the test medium. BPA, DBP, HCHO and DMSO produced significant decreases in the motility and survival rate with a different potency. The most potent inhibition of mucus penetration distance, motility and survival rate was observed after exposure to HCHO. A concentration of 0.0005% HCHO significantly inhibited sperm motility. When ethanol m.: added directly to sperm, at concentrations equivalent to that in serum after heavy drinking, these damaging effects were lowest compared with other solvents. Present study shows that each compound has different toxic potency to human sperm and we need special caution for the use of HCHO.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2001

To investigate an effect of aging on the xylene metabolism in liver damaged animals, a study was conducted. 50% carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) in olive oil (0.1 ml/100 g body weight) was intraperitoneally given to 5-week and 12-week rats 12 times every other day and then one dose of 50% xylene in olive oil (0.25 ml/100 g body weight) was intraperitoneally given to the rats, and after 24 hr, the animals were sacrificed. On the basis of the functional findings in rat liver, ie, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase activity, liver protein and malonedialdehyde contents, 5-week rats showed less liver damage than 12-week rats. The increasing rate of urinary methylhippuric acid concentration to the control was significantly higher in 5-week rats than 12-week rats in case of xylene treatment after induction of liver damage. On the other hand, liver damaged 5-week rats showed significant rise of hepatic cytochrome P45O content compared with the liver damaged 12-week rats by the xylene treatment. And increasing rate of hepatic alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenase activities to each liver damaged animals was higher tendency in 5-week rats than 12-week rats by the xylene treatment. In conclusion, 5-week rat showed greater metabolic rate of xylene than 10-week rats in case of liver injury because 5-week rats led to a slight liver damaged compared with 12-week rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.732-739
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• 2009

Metabolic syndrome has been strongly associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), a surrogate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We investigated the relationship between metabolic syndrome and elevated ALT in the general Korean population. The study sample was comprised of 4,781 Korean adults who had participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Metabolic syndrome was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program for Adult Treatment Panel III. Elevated ALT was defined as an enzyme activity > 40 IU/L for men, and > 31 IU/L for women. ALT was measured by enzymatic methods. Among participants, 425 (8.9%) subjects displayed elevated ALT. The odds ratios (ORs) for elevated ALT increased in subjects with obesity or one of components of metabolic syndrome such as abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high fasting glucose, high triglyceride, and low HDL cholesterol after adjusting for age and sex. The unadjusted OR for elevated ALT increased according to the number of components of metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.96-2.32 for 1 component; OR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.98-4.61 for 2 components; OR = 6.3, 95% CI: 4.29-9.35 for ${\geq}3$ components; p for trend < 0.0001). This trend did not differ after adjustments for putative risk factors including age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and alcohol intake. Metabolic syndrome is implicated as a strong risk factor of elevated ALT in Korean adults.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.25-33
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• 2023

The liver, a multifunctional organ, plays a vital role in maintaining overall health and well-being by regulating metabolism, detoxification, nutrient storage, hormone balance, and immune function. Liver diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, and liver cancer, have significant clinical implications and remain a global health concern. This article reviews the therapeutic potential of silkworm larvae (Bombyx mori) and explores their underlying molecular mechanisms in protecting against liver diseases. Silkworm larvae are rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals, and n-3 fatty acids, making them a promising candidate for therapeutic applications. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of silkworm larvae involve modulating the production of cytokine such as TNF-α and interleukins, inflammatory enzymes including cyclooxygenase-2 and macrophage polarization, thereby attenuating liver inflammation. Silkworm larvae also exhibit anti-oxidative effects by scavenging free radicals, reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species and enhancing the liver's antioxidant defense system. Moreover, silkworms have been reported to decrease the serum alcohol concentration and lipid accumulation. Understanding the therapeutic properties of silkworm larvae contributes to the development of innovative strategies for liver injury prevention and treatment. Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise signaling pathways involved in the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of silkworm larvae, paving the way for potential therapeutic interventions in liver diseases.