• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.617-624
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• 2002

Health drinks were prepared with freeze dried powder of 60% ethanol extract (60% EFDP), 60% ethanol extract after hydrolysis with amyloglucosidase (60% AEFDP) and 80% ethanol extract (80% EFDP) from roasted safflower seed. Quality characteristics and antioxidative properties were investigated. Yield of freeze dried powders were ranged in $4.67%{\sim}5.62%$. Brix, pH and titratable acidity of safflower drinks were ranged in $11.4{\sim}14.2%$, $2.83{\sim}3.34$ and $0.09{\sim}0.91%$, respectively. Content of total phenolic compounds was much more in 80% EFDP (117 mg/g) and safflower drink-I (SD-I, 440 ppm) than others. Content of total flavonoid was observed in higher level in 60% EFDP (49 mg/g) and safflower drink-V (SD-V, 138 ppm) than others. Antioxidant compounds such as N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]ferulamide(serotonin-I) and N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3yl)ethyl]-p-coumaramide(serotonin-II) exhibited higher contents of 21.09 ppm, 33.56 ppm in 60% EFDP and of 3.83 ppm, 5.81 ppm in safflower drink-II (SD-II) than others. Content of acacetin was much more in 80% EFDP (13.53 ppm) and safflower drink-IV (SD-IV, 1.14 ppm) than others. From the DPPH test to measure antioxidant activity, it was shown that 80% EFDP and SD-I have stronger scavenging activities of 94.58% and 94.88%, respectively, while BHA standard solution does 93.88%. Among drinks, SD-II was revealed to have highest level on overall acceptance, color and flavor through sensory evaluation. These results induced that safflower seed can be used as natural antioxidant and functional food material.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.23.1-23.10
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• 2020

The identification of biomarkers that distinguish diseased from healthy individuals is of great interest in human and veterinary fields. In this research area, a metabolomic approach and its related statistical analyses can be useful for biomarker determination and allow non-invasive discrimination of healthy volunteers from breast cancer patients. In this study, we focused on the most common canine neoplasm, mammary gland tumor, and herein, we describe a simple method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the levels of tyrosine and its metabolites (epinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and vanillylmandelic acid), tryptophan and its metabolites (5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, indoxyl sulfate, serotonin, and kynurenic acid) in canine mammary cancer urine samples. Our results indicated significantly increased concentrations of three tryptophan metabolites, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (p < 0.001), serotonin, indoxyl sulfate (p < 0.01), and kynurenic acid (p < 0.05), and 2 tyrosine metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (p < 0.001), and epinephrine (p < 0.05) in urine samples from the mammary gland tumor group compared to concentrations in urine samples from the healthy group. The results indicate that select urinary tyrosine and tryptophan metabolites may be useful as non-invasive diagnostic markers as well as in developing a therapeutic strategy for canine mammary gland tumors.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.109-121
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• 2022

Objective : This study is conducted to investigate the effect of Astragali Radix on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) induced by the Single Proposed Stress(SPS). Methods : The experiment was conducted with five groups; SAL groups with only saline treatment, SPS group, SPS + ARX25 group, SPS + ARX50 group, and SPS + ARX100 group. After applying SPS, saline and ARX were administered for 14 days to identify the change of body weight, sucrose intake amount, and behavioral changes through Open Field Test(OFT) and Forced Swimming Test(FST). After the behavioral experiment, plasma corticosterone levels, serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay in medical prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) in the hippocampus was measured using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction. Results : Weight change has significantly decreased in the SPS group compared to the SAL group(p<0.05). On day 14, the sucrose intake of rats has significantly increased in the SPS + ARX100 group compared to the SPS group(p<0.05). In OFT, the number of staying in the central space has significantly increased in the SPS + ARX100 group(p<0.01). In FST, immobility has significantly decreased in SPS + ARX50 group and SPS + ARX100 group(p<0.05). The concentration of serotonine, dopamine and BDNF expression has increased significantly in SPS + ARX100 group compared to SPS group(p<0.05) Conclusions : In the SPS-induced PTSD experiment, ARX increased sucrose intake and the numbers of crossing in the central zone space in OFT, decreased immobility time in FST, and increased concentration of serotonin, dopamine, and BDNF. It can be postulated that the ARX could be effective for the treatment of PTSD.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.51-64
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• 1999

Dance movement program. Psychological wellbeing, Middle aged women, Wellbeing with depression tendency, 율동적 동작 프로그램, 우울성향 중년여성 %600an This study was designed to confirm the effects of the Dance Movement Program on psychological health in middle-age women with depression tendency. 67 women with mile to moderate depression scoring between 16-25 were selected among 235 responded to CES-D (Radloff, 1977, Cho and Kim, 1993). The 46 volunteered to participate in the study were assigned the control. 7 attritions occurred during the course of the experiment leaving thirty-nine subject : nineteen experimental and twenty control, for the final analysis. Research subjects revealed to be homogenous demographically and by health-related variables. The 50-minute Dance Movement Program was performed by the experimental group 3 times a week for eight weeks, from October 6 to November 29, 1997. Depression, life satisfaction, self efficacy were measured before and after the course of Dance Movement Program. Plasma serotonin was measured to identify its relationship with depression, Homogeneity tests revealed satisfactory level on relevant research variables. Data were analyzed by $x^2$-test, paired and unpaired t-tests. The results are as follows : 1) The hypothesis that depresson score of experimental group will decreased than control group was supported by t-test(t=2.20, P=.0021) 2) The hypothesis that life satisfaction score of experimental group will increased than control group was supported by t-test(t=1.42, P=.0049). 3) The hypothesis that self-efficacy score of experimental group will increased than control group was not supported by t-test(t=6.20, P=.0616). 4) The hypothesis that level of plasma serotonin will increased than control group was not supported by t-test(t=1.88, P=.0524) Thus, the effects of the Dance Movement Program for the improvement of psychological health gram for the improvement of psychological health for the middle-aged women with depression tendency are scientifically confirmed by this study.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.48-55
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• 2021

Objective The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of Galgeunhwanggeumhwangryeon-tang in reducing inflammation through the endocannabinoid system (ECS) control in atopic dermatitis. Methods 8-week-old Balb/C mice were divided into 4 groups: contorl group (Ctrl), lipid barrier elimination group (ADE), palmitoylethanolamide treated group after lipid barrier elimination (PEA), and Galgeunhwanggeumhwangryeon-tang applied group after lipid barrier elimination (GGRT). After inducing atopic dermatitis, cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1, CB2, CD68, phosphorylated inhibitor kappa B (p-IκB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), substance P and serotonin were observed to confirm the regulation of the ECS, macrophage activity and mast cell activity. Results CB1 and CB2 showed higher positive reactions in the GGRT than in the LBE and PEA. CD68, p-IκB and iNOS showed higher positive reaction in the LBE, PEA and GGRT than in the Ctrl, but the increase in the positive reaction was lower in the GGRT compared to the LBE and PEA. Substance P and serotonin showed higher positive reaction in the LBE, PEA and GGRT than in the Ctrl, but the increase in the positive reaction was lower in the GGRT compared to the LBE and PEA. Conclusions The effects of Galgeunhwanggeumhwangryeon-tang were confirmed though the regulation of the ECS, macrophage activity and mast cell activity.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.87-96
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• 2022

Objective The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of Sabaek-san extract on skin damage recovery and inflammation relief in atopic dermatitis-induced mice through Endocannabinoid system (ECS) control. Methods In this study, we used 6-week-old NC/Nga mice were divided into 4 group: control group (Ctrl), lipid barrier elimination group (LBEG), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) treated group after lipid barrier elimination (PEAG), and Sabaek-san extract treatment group after lipid barrier elimination (SBSG). Each group was assigned 10 animals. After drug administration of three weeks duration following lipid barrier elimination, cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1, CB2, CD (Cluster of Differentiation) 68, phosphorylated inhibitor kappa B (p-IκB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Fc ε receptor, substance P and serotonin were observed to confirm the regulation of the ECS, macrophage activity and mast cell activity. Results We found that 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OXdG) positive reaction was significantly lower in the SBST group than in LBET and PEAT groups. Both CB1 and CB2 showed higher positive reactions in the SBST group than in the LBET and PEAT. CD68, p-IκB, iNOS, Fc ε receptor, Substance P and serotonin showed lower positive reaction in the SBST compared to the LBET and PEAT. Conclusion It was confirmed that the Sabaek-san extract can reduce the inflammation of atopic dermatitis by restoring the structural damage of the skin lipid barrier through ECS activity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.423-432
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• 2019

In order to select potential plant resources as functional materials and natural antioxidants, we evaluated antioxidant activity and serotonin derivatives of safflower germplasm collected from five countries. N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin (CS) and N-feruloylserotonin (FS) were analyzed by using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Total polyphenol content (TPC) was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activities were estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Reducing power (RP) assays. The TPC showed a range of 28.25 to $90.53{\mu}g$ gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/mg dried extract (DE). DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and RP assay were in the range of 18.76 to 93.98, 48.91 to 163.73, 3.80 to 132.29 and 26.32 to $80.08{\mu}g$ ascorbic acid equivalent (ASCE)/mg DE, respectively. Among the five countries, safflower seed collected from Iran had the highest levels of serotonin derivatives and antioxidant activities than other countries (p<0.05). CS showed high correlation with TPC, ABTS and DPPH (r=0.673,0.727,0.820), and FS showed high correlation with DPPH (r=0.740). Accessions IT321214 and IT321215 could be useful for development of new functional materials and could be used as a source of valuable natural antioxidant materials.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2004

Objective:A Comparison of QTc prolongation for various antipsychotics and an analysis of QTc prolongation for the various types of serotonin transporter polymorphism were performed. Method:EKG was checked, followed by QTc measurement as Bazett's correction, and the serotonin transporter polymorphism was examined in 110 chronic schizophrenia patients were performed EKG before 24 weeks ago. We defiened QTc prolongation as over 450ms. The risk factor of sudden cardiac death were defiend as QTc prolongation and or 60ms in delta value. Result:The prevalence of QTc prolongation in this study was 7.3%, and the prevalence of over 60ms was 4.5%. Patients who had the risk factors were 10(9.1%). 6/52 who prescribed atypical antipsychotics and 2/58 who prescribed haloperidol showed QTc prolongation. The prevalence who had the risk factor of sudden cardiac death were 16% in atypical antipsychotics group, 3.4% in haloperidol group. QTc prolongation were observed more frequently in l/l type than s/s type. l allele frequency were 50% in QTc prolongated group, 19% in not prolongated group. l allele had an association with QTc prolongation(p<0.01). Conclusion:The prevalence of QTc prolongatin was frequent in chronic schizophrenia patients who were prescribed atypical antipsychotics. It has strong association with l allele of 5-HTTLPR.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.367-372
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• 2002

In order to utilize safflower seed effectively as a food material, it was processed at the conditions including roasting temperature/time of 170$\^{C}$/10 min to 210$\^{C}$/30 min, ethanol concentration of 0 to 100% (V/V) and enzyme hydrolysis with $\alpha$-amylase, $\beta$-amylase, amyloglucosidase and cellulase. Safflower seed extracts had the highest soluble solid content at the condition of 60% ethanol concentration, roasting at 190$\^{C}$ for 20 min and hydrolysis with amyloglucosidase. Total phenolic compounds increased with the ethanol concentration, showing the highest at the condition of 80% ethanol, roasting at 170$\^{C}$ for 30 min and hydrolysis with amyloglucosidase. High level total flavonoid was observed at the condition of 80% ethanol, roasting at 210$\^{C}$ for 30 min and hydrolysis with amyloglucosidase. Safflower seed had sucrose as major free sugar as well as xylose and arabinose as minor free sugars. Organic acids in safflower seed included oxalic, citric, magic and fumaric acid. Serotonin I (N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indo-1-3-yl)ethyl]ftrulamide) and serotonin II (N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3yl)ethyl]-p-coumaramide) as antioxidant compounds increased with ethanol concentration, showing the highest revel at 60% ethanol. Acacetin content increased with temperature and roasting time, with a maximum of 69.47 mg% at 210$\^{C}$ for 30 min.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate the association between Korean ADHD patients and the l/s polymorphism of serotonin transporter(5-HTTLPR). Methods : The study sample consisted of 189 Korean ADHD children diagnosed by Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version-Korean Version(K-SADS-PL), both parents of ADHD children, and 150 normal children. DNA were extracted from the blood of all samples, and genotyping was done. Based on the allele and genotype information, not only the case-control analysis between ADHD and normal children but also the family-based association test among ADHD children and their parents. Transmission disequilibrium test(TDT) were performed for family-based associated test(number of trio=113). The results of the clinical rating and neuropsychological tests were compared according to the l/s genotype of ADHD children. Results : In case-control analysis, there were no statistically significant difference of l/s gene polymorphism between ADHD and normal children in various kinds of analysis condition. In family-based association study, TDT failed to detect linkage disequilibrium between l/s gene polymorphism and ADHD in whole ADHD families. However, in the families of ADHD inattentive type only(number of trio=23), I allele was transmitted more preferentially in the proband with ADHD even if the number of families was small(${\chi}^2$=4.57, p=.032). In the analysis of the results from the clinical scales and neuropsychological tests in ADHD children, the score of the Novelty- Seeking of ADHD children with l/l genotype was significantly lower than with the other genotypes(F=3.15, p=.047), and that of Self Transcendence was significantly higher(F=4.25, p=.017). Conclusion : The results of this study suggest there were no significant genetic association between the 5- HTTLPR gene polymorphism and Korean ADHD.