• 대한수학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.623-639
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• 2012

The convex cone $\mathbb{V}_1$ generated by separable states is contained in the cone $\mathbb{T}$ of all positive semi-definite block matrices whose block transposes are also positive semi-definite. We characterize faces of the cone $\mathbb{V}_1$ induced by faces of the cone $\mathbb{T}$ which are determined by pairs of subspaces of matrices.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.133-149
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• 2003

Local stability of steady states of an epidemic model is considered. An age structured S-I-R epidemic model with separable inter-cohort force of infection with external force is considered. Stability result for the nontrivial steady states is obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• 제73권10호
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• pp.1420-1430
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• 2018

We investigate an entangled system, which is analogous to a composite system of a black hole and Hawking radiation. If Hawking radiation is well approximated by an outgoing particle generated from pair creation around the black hole, such a pair creation increases the total number of states. There should be a unitary mechanism to reduce the number of states inside the horizon for black hole evaporation. Because the infalling antiparticle has negative energy, as long as the infalling antiparticle finds its partner such that the two particles form a separable state, one can trace out such a zero energy system by maintaining unitarity. In this paper, based on some toy model calculations, we show that such a unitary tracing-out process is only possible before the Page time while it is impossible after the Page time. Hence, after the Page time, if we assume that the process is unitary and the Hawking pair forms a separable state, the internal number of states will monotonically increase, which is supported by the Almheiri-Marolf-Polchinski-Sully (AMPS) argument. In addition, the Hawking particles cannot generate randomness of the entire system; hence, the entanglement entropy cannot reach its maximum. Based on these results, we modify the correct form of the Page curve for the remnant picture. The most important conclusion is this: if we assume unitarity, semi-classical quantum field theory, and general relativity, then the black hole should violate the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy bound around the Page time at the latest; hence, the infinite production arguments for remnants might be applied for semi-classical black holes, which seems very problematic.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 1996년도 한국자동제어학술회의논문집(국내학술편); 포항공과대학교, 포항; 24-26 Oct. 1996
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• pp.233-236
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• 1996

This paper describes a liner state-space model for a flexible stick balencer. The method employed to generate the model utilizes a separable formulation of assumed modes to represents the transverse displacement due to bending Lagrangian dynamics are applied to determine the kinetic and potential energies for the system. The resultant dynamic equations are then organized into a state space model and linearized using Taylor series expansion method. A minimum order observer is designed to estimate unmeasurable states.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.578-585
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• 2003

The chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) is an anadromous fish distributed all around the North Pacific. Artificial production and release of the juveniles are being made by Korea, Japan, Russia, Canada and the United States. It is important to set up some criteria identifying each stock in order to clarify each nation's right of harvest for the chum salmon resource. As an attempt to build such criteria, we analyzed sequences of a microsatellite DNA Ogo5 and the COIII-ND3-ND4L region of the mitochondrial DNA from chum salmons of Korea, Japan, and the United States. Ogo5 has 4 different alleles: allele A, B-1, B-2, and B-3. Allele B-3 is found only in 3 individuals out of 12 Korea salmons. The Japan salmons have the other 3 alleles and the America salmons have only 2 allots, A and B-1. Heterozygosity index (Ho/He) distinguishes the Korea (1.61) and Japan salmons (1.63) from the America ones (1.09). Seventeen different haplotypes are found in the COIII-ND3-ND4L region from 60 individuals,20 from each stock. The gene genealogy of the haplotypes revealed by TCS program shows that the Korea and Japan salmons are genetically closely linked, but that they are clearly distinguished from the America ones. Ten and eleven individuals of the Korea and Japan salmons have an identical haplotype. Nine individuals of the Korea salmons $(45\%),$ however, are separable from the Japan salmons by their own specific nucleotides. This result presents usefulness of the COIII-ND3-ND4L region as a genetic marker for identification of the chum salmon stocks.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.91-113
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• 2017

UN Convention on International Sale of Goods (CISG) and International Commercial Arbitration aim at the promotion and facilitation of international trade. Both of them share similar general principles; i.e., party autonomy and pacta sunt servanda. Also they are often applied concurrently in the case of the international commercial trade. The purpose of this article is to investigate whether the CISG could apply the formation of the arbitration clause that is included in the main contract governed by CISG. Sellers and buyers have freedom of designating choice of law that is applied to their contracts. An international arbitration agreement is presumed to be separable from the contract in which it is found. However, arbitration clauses commonly form part of a general contract. Thus, the CISG is intended to be applied to dispute resolution clauses, including arbitration clause even if it is not completely suitable. Notably, there is a fundamental distinction between the CISG and arbitration. The CISG abolished the formalities of contract. New York convention requires Contracting States' Courts to enforce written international agreements to arbitrate.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.517-524
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• 2014

Phasic and tonic ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acidA ($GABA_A$) receptor-mediated inhibition critically regulate neuronal information processing. As these two inhibitory modalities have distinctive features in their receptor composition, subcellular localization of receptors, and the timing of receptor activation, it has been thought that they might exert distinct roles, if not completely separable, in the regulation of neuronal function. Inhibition should be maintained and regulated depending on changes in network activity, since maintenance of excitation-inhibition balance is essential for proper functioning of the nervous system. In the present study, we investigated how phasic and tonic inhibition are maintained and regulated by different signaling cascades. Inhibitory postsynaptic currents were measured as either electrically evoked events or spontaneous events to investigate regulation of phasic inhibition in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons of the rat visual cortex. Tonic inhibition was assessed as changes in holding currents by the application of the $GABA_A$ receptor blocker bicuculline. Basal tone of phasic inhibition was maintained by intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). However, maintenance of tonic inhibition relied on protein kinase A activity. Depolarization of membrane potential (5 min of 0 mV holding) potentiated phasic inhibition via $Ca^{2+}$ and CaMKII but tonic inhibition was not affected. Thus, phasic and tonic inhibition seem to be independently maintained and regulated by different signaling cascades in the same cell. These results suggest that neuromodulatory signals might differentially regulate phasic and tonic inhibition in response to changes in brain states.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:데이타베이스
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.395-408
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• 2004

논리곱 불리언 질의는 질의에 포함된 키워드들이 모두 나타나는 텍스트 문서들을 검색하는질의로서, 정보검색 시스템에서 가장 널리 사용되는 질의이다. 논리곱 불리언 질의는 검색의 정확도를 높이기 위하여 많은 수의 키워드로 구성된 긴 질의를 사용한다. 이 경우. 키워드 처리 순서가 성능에 크게 영향을 미친다. 기존 정보검색시스템에서는 휴리스틱에 의존하여 키워드 처리 순서를 결정하므로 최적을 보장하지 못한다. 동적 프로그래밍과 같은 기존의 데이타베이스 질의 최적화 알고리즘은 복잡도가 지수적으로 증가하므로(Ο(n2$^{n-1}$)), 키워드 수가 많은 논리곱 불리언 질의에는 적합하지 않다. 본 논문에서는 조인시퀀스 분리성이라는 새로운 개념에 기반한 논리곱 불리언 질의 최적화 알고리즘을 제안한다. 조인 시퀀스 분리성이란 조인에 참여하는 릴레이션들이 어떤 조건을 만족할 경우, 최적 조인 시퀀스가 두 개의 서브 시퀀스로 분리된다는 성질이다. 이 성질을 활용하면 Ο(nlogn)만에 최적 조인 시퀀스를 구할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 조인 시퀀스 분리성의 개념을 정형적으로 정의하고 이에 기반한 질의 최적화 알고리즘의 최적성을 이론적으로 증명한다. 그리고, 제안한 질의 최적화 알고리즘의 성능 평가를 위해, 비용 모델을 사용하여 다양한 시뮬레이션을 수행한다. 그 결과, 제안한 알고리즘의 성능이 기존의 휴리스틱 기반 질의 최적화 알고리즘들에 비해 100배 이상 우수함을 보인다. 또한, 동적 프로그래밍 알고리즘에 비해 질의 최적화 시간 면에서 기하 급수적으로 우수함을 보인다(키워드 개수가 10 개일 경우 600배 이상 우수함).