• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 1995.10a
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• pp.15-28
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• 1995

• Atmosphere
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.381-390
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• 2019

This study investigates the impacts of urban land-use fraction and temperature advection on the urban heat island intensity over the Seoul metropolitan area using the UM (Unified Model) with the MORUSES (Met Office Reading Urban Surface Exchange Scheme) during the heat wave over the region from 2 to 8, August 2016. Two simulations are performed with two different land-use type, the urban (urban simulation) and the urban surfaces replaced with grass (rural simulation), in order to calculate the urban heat island intensity defined as the 1.5-m temperature difference between the urban and the rural simulations. The land-use type for the urban simulation is obtained from Korea Ministry of Environment (2007) land-use data after it is converted into the types used in the UM. It is found that the urban heat island intensity over high urban-fraction regions in the metropolitan area is as large as 1℃ in daytime and 3.2℃ in nighttime, i.e., the effects of urban heat island is much larger for night than day. It is also found that the magnitude of urban heat island intensity increases linearly with urban land-use fraction. Spatially, the estimated the urban heat island intensities are systematically larger in the downwind regions of the metropolitan area than in the upwind area due to the effects of temperature advection. Results of this study indicate that urban surface fraction in the city area and temperature advection play a key role in determining the spatial distribution and magnitude of urban heat island intensity.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.340-359
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• 1994

This study intends to describe the characteristics of the transformation of the rural society by tracing the changing social and economic processes of traditional clan villiage (Yeolmi-ri, Silchon-myeon, Kwangju-gun, Kyunggi-province) in the suburbs of Seoul Metropolitan Area. Rural society has experienced serious change of the social structure by the ever expanding urbanization and industrialization since 1960's. The suburbs of Seoul Metropolitan Area is the representative case area of such transformation. This study analyzed various chracteristics of population structure of a villiage, the processes of residential movement and the occupational shift of each household of the villiage in terms of household's life-history collected by interviewing with each household. And the whole households of a villiage is divided by two groups of the native clan group and the non-dan in-migrant group. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1) This villiage is located within a lineal distance of 40km and a time distance of about 30 to 40 minutes, adjoined dy the Joongbu(중부) national highway, the Kyungchoong (경충) industrial road, the local road between Yangpyuna(양평) and Gonjiam(곤지암) and having a advantageous iocational linkage to Seoul capital city. 2) It is a typical traditional dan villiae constituted of dan family Gu(구) one of whose ancestors had appointed to the prime minister of Chosun Dynasty, and until 1979, 56 out of 60 families of the villiage households were clan families. 3) Since 1979, as the villiage invaded by the out-movement of the small scale manufacturing industries from Seoul capital city, labours moved in this vallige from outside and increased villiage size up to 203 households in 1993, consequently the constitutional proportion between the native clan group and the non-clan in-migrant group was reversed up to 28% vs 72% deepening the sociological heterogeneity. 4) Because of the small scale of industries in this villiage and the vicinity with the city of Seoul, the population turnover of this villiage is very high. The turnover frequency is firstly high within same administrative district of gun(군) level and secondly high between this villiage and the city of Seoul. Thus short-distance movement is identified. 5) There is a close correlation between the residential movement and the occupational shift. The most numbers of non-farm native group have the experiences of migration while the members of native farming group don't shift both the job and the place of residence. The inmigrant group had several migration experiences but few occupational shifts. Thus occupatioanl shift is high for the native group while residential shift is high for the in-migrant group. It is concluded that the change proceeded in Metropolitan suburbs was not directed to form the traditional rural village as 'gesund Gebiet' with respect to the ballance among the economic, cultural and environmental adequency.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2012

This study was conducted to monitor 284 pesticides residue level in 2,914 commercial agricultural products in the northern area of Seoul in 2011 by the multi class pesticide multiresidue analysis methods in Korea Food Code using GC, HPLC, GC-MSD and, LC-MSD. The detection rate of pesticide residues were 14.8% (431/2,914). The order of agricultural products in which the pesticide residues were detected was perilla leaves 40.0% (28/70), chamnamul 35.5% (11/31), amaranth 30.0% (3/10) and spinach 27.7% (38/137) etc. The percentage of products that exceeded the MRLs (maximum residue limits) were 1.0% (31/431). Those products that exceeded MRLs were ginseng (6), perilla leaves (4), leek (4), welsh onion (3) and sedeum (3) etc. The 59 kinds of the pesticides were detected on this study, 21 pesticides of them were detected over MRLs. Detection rate of fungicides (56.4%) was higher than that of insecticides (42.1%). And procymidone was detected with considerable high frequency. Additionally, residual residual violates pesticides were in the order of tolclofos-methyl, endosulfan, dimethomorph, diniconazole and fludioxonil. According to the agricultural marketing channels, detection and excess rate of them were monitored. Detection and excess rate of samples circulated in agricultural traditional market were highest. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of the pesticides were compared to personal acceptable daily intakes (PADI) in order to risk assessment by food consumption. Diazinon in Korean cabbage showed the highest %ADI, 2.9901 and others showed below 3.0 %ADI. Overall, these results indicate that residue levels of pesticides detected were evaluated as safe.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.15 no.3 s.68
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• pp.369-382
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to propose the strategy for increasing the merchandising power of the SPA brand to improve the competitiveness of domestic fashion industry. A questionnaire survey was administered to 270 SPA brand customer who live in Seoul Metropolitan area and Gyeongi-do area. 240 data were analyzed by factor analysis, t-test, crosstabs analysis, and one-way ANOVA using SPSSWIN 12.0 program. The result were as follows: Importance of store attributes were categorized in five factors: store environment, service, product sales promotion, and convenience. A consumer's the importance of store attributes was significantly different depending on that consumer's demographic characteristics(major, grade etc..) and general product purchasing characteristics(purchasing expense). This result should not be interpreted by expanding to the whole group of the consumer in SPA brand, as the sample used in this study is limited to those in Seoul and GyeongGi area.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.287-295
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• 2006

PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons), one of the carcinogenic materials in environment, were investigated in this study. The standardized analysis conditions were tested, and then various factors which affect to the ambient PAHs concentration in Seoul were estimated. Moreover, the emissions of PAHs from major stationary sources were investigated to determine the quantitative relationships between ambient PAHs concentrations and emission sources. From the factor analysis, three factors relevant to the ambient PAHs in Seoul were found. Factor 1 was related to the concentrations of chrysene, pyrene, indeno (1, 2, 3-cd)pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo prerylene which were mainly emitted from gasoline and diesel fueled cars. Factor 2 showed higher loadings in phenanthrene and anthracene which were due to LNG and BC oil combustion in industry and home. And factor 3 included dibenz(a, h)anthracene and acenaphthene which were emitted from open burning and municipal solid waste incineration. Conclusively, all of three factors were consisted in 82% of total variance. The contribution of mobile sources in ambient air in Seoul was estimated at 64%, that of industrial and home sources at 17%, and that of open burning and municipal incineration at 1%.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.612-624
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• 2017

As the existing metropolitan area metropolitan railway operates on a one-to-one basis, which leads to long travel times, its competitiveness with other means of transportation is deteriorating. Since there is a limit to attracting road traffic by rail, there is a continuing societal demand to expand express train service. Especially in the northern and the southwestern parts of the metropolitan area, a public transportation network system with express function, connecting to the city center of Seoul, is needed because of the social cost of the increase of traffic congestion and the increase of the travel time. The most efficient express service in Korea is Seoul Subway Line 9, which runs in 27 minutes from Gimpo Airport to the high speed terminal; this is a 40% shorter time compared to 44 minutes by car; the congestion in this area is up to 240%, so the preference for this train is quite high. The technical results of this study are expected to contribute to the implementation of an express service metropolitan railway.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.223-233
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• 1996

Geotechnical Information System (GTIS) for efficient management of three dimensional borehole data has been developed. Geotechnical maps in the vicinity of Bulkwangdong, Seoul station, Itaewon, Han river near Yuido, and Jungrangchon were constructed by Kriging method. In Bulkwangdong and Jungrangchon area where boundary between granite and gneiss is present, gneiss has been more weathered than granite, but in Seoul station and Itaewon area where the boundary is also present, granite has been more weathered than gneiss. It has been inferred that when Seoul granite intruded, the strength of gneiss in Bulkwangdong and Jungrangchon area was lowered by the attitude of foliation plane than in Seoul station and Itaewon area, so the gneiss has been easily fractured and weathered in Bulkwangdong and Jungrangchon area. Geotechnical map in the vicinity of Yuido showed that there is an NW-SE trend weakness zone that might be affected by major faults under Han river and it is expected that the fault zone may be present in construction area of Kyoungbu Highspeed Railway that lies below the Han river like the Subway Line No.5.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.193-206
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• 2006

Recently, high ozone episode occurred frequently in Korea. Moreover ozone episode occurred not only in the city but also in background area where local anthropogenic sources are not important. It analyzed frequency exceeding 100ppb ozone at air quality monitoring stations in Seoul and rural area during 1995-2004. This paper reports on the use of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modelling system to predict hourly ozone levels. Domain resolutions of 30km, 10km, 3.333km (innermost) have been employed for this study. Summer periods in June 2004 have been simulated and the predicted results have been compared to data for metropolitan and rural air quality monitoring stations. The model performance has been evaluated with measured data through a range of statistical measures. Although, the CMAQ model reproduces the ozone temporal spatial trends it was not able to simulate the peak magnitudes consistently.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2017

Most primary and secondary schools in Korea provide school meals to students. After the implementation of the manual in the development of foodservice facilities within schools in the Seoul metropolitan area, this study had been instituted towards the improvement on the design of the school. Through the investigation of the use of school foodservice facilities and the establishment of putting the designer's design to the users into effect, primary and secondary schools have been observed in the study to conclude the following research: Spatial Configuration and Usage Characteristics within Elementary, Middle, and High school.