• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.267-272
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• 2016

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are vulnerable to external intrusions due to the wireless communication characteristics and limited hardware resources. Thus, the attacker can cause sinkhole attack while intruding the network. INSENS is proposed for preventing the sinkhole attack. INSENS uses the three symmetric keys in order to prevent such sinkhole attacks. However, the sinkhole attack occurs again, even in the presence of INSENS, through the compromised node because INSENS does not consider the node being compromised. In this paper, we propose a method to counter the sinkhole attack by considering the compromised node, based on the neighboring nodes' information. The goals of the proposed method are i) network reliability improvement and ii) energy conservation through effective prevention of the sinkhole attack by detecting compromised nodes. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can save up to, on average, 19.90% of energy while increasing up to, on average, 71.50%, the report reliability against internal sinkhole attacks in comparison to INSENS.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.13C no.2 s.105
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• pp.137-146
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• 2006

Because the traditional public key-based cryptosystems are unsuitable for the sensor node with limited computational and communication capability, a secure communication between two neighbor sensor nodes becomes an important challenging research in sensor network security. Therefore several session key establishment protocols have been proposed for that purpose. In this paper, we analyzed and compared the existing session key establishment protocols based on the criterions of generation strategy and uniqueness of the session key, connectivity, overhead of communication and computation, and vulnerability to attacks. Based on the analysis results, we specify the requirements for the secure and efficient protocols for establishing session keys. Then, we propose an advanced protocol to satisfy the specified requirements and verify the superiority of our protocol over the existing protocols through the detailed analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institutes of Information Security and Cryptology Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.778-783
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• 2006

최근 센서 네트워크 분야를 비롯해 네트워크 분야에서 내용 보호, 인증뿐만 아니라 Source의 위치 프라이비시와 관련하여 많은 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 특히 센서 네트워크에서의 Source 위치는 실제 센서의 지리적 위치이기 때문에 Source의 위치를 노출하지 않는 것이 매우 중요하다. 그리고 인터넷과 Ad-Hoc 네트워크에서 익명성(Anonymity)을 제공하기 위한 기법들이 많이 제안되었지만, 이러한 기법들은 센서 네트워크에 적합하지 않기 때문에 센서 네트워크의 특성에 맞는 익명성 제공 요법이 요구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 Source의 익명성과 관련해 센서네트워크에서 나타날 수 있는 Eavesdropper의 유형을 정의하고, 이러한 Eavesdropper의 유형에 따라 Source의 익명성을 제공할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. 그리고 제안한 방법이 얼마만큼의 익명성을 제공하는가를 정량화하기 위해 엔트로피(Entropy) 성질을 이용해 수학적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 제안하는 방법이 보다 높은 익명성을 제공하고, 센서의 전송 거리가 Source의 익명성 제공에 있어 매우 중요한 요소임을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institutes of Information Security and Cryptology Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.595-598
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• 2006

무선 센서네트워크에서의 브로드캐스트 인증은 중요한 문제이다. 이를 위해 ${\mu}-TESLA$와 이를 개선한 멀티레벨 ${\mu}-TESLA$ 방법 등이 제안되었다. 이들 모두는 인증을 성공적으로 수행하기 위해 브로드캐스트 메시지를 보내고자 하는 당사자의 해시체인 commitment를 인증 받으려는 상대방에게 안전하게 전달해야만 했다. 하지만, 센서들이 랜덤하게 배치될 경우 각 노드는 인증을 위해 전체 노드 수만큼의 commitment를 저장해야만 하는 문제점을 지니고 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 Chen 등은 브로드 캐스트 인증에 사용되는 해시 체인 commitment를 안전하고 효율적인 방법으로 전달하는 방안을 제안하였다. 그러나 불행이도 이들의 방법은 노드 추가가 원천적으로 불가능하고, 초기화 과정에서 부득이하게 참여하지 못한 노드를 구제할 방법이 전혀 없어 큰 비용 낭비를 초래한다. 뿐만 아니라 베이스 스테이션이 비밀 값을 재사용 할 경우 안전성에도 큰 문제가 발생한다. 제안하는 스킴은 멀티 세션을 적용하고 비밀 값에 대한 해시 체인을 구성하여 앞서 열거된 모든 문제점을 해결함으로써 안전하고 효율적인 commitment 전달 방법을 제시한다. 아울러 주고받는 메시지에 대한 무결성 검증을 제공한다.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1165-1170
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• 2022

In WSNs, a clustering algorithm groups sensor nodes on a unit called cluster and periodically selects a cluster head (CH) that acts as a communication relay on behalf of nodes in each cluster for the purpose of energy conservation and relay efficiency. Meanwhile, attack techniques also have emerged to intervene in the CH election process through compromised nodes (inside attackers) and have a fatal impact on network operation. However, existing countermeasures such as encryption key-based methods against outside attackers have a limitation to defend against such inside attackers. Therefore, we propose a statistical detection method that detects abnormal CH election behaviors occurs in a WSN cluster. We design two attack methods (Selfish and Greedy attacks) and our proposed defense method in WSNs with two clustering algorithms and conduct experiments to validate our proposed defense method works well against those attacks.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.275-280
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• 2021

With the development of communication networks, the processes of exchanging and transmitting information rapidly developed. As millions of images are sent via social media every day, also wireless sensor networks are now used in all applications to capture images such as those used in traffic lights, roads and malls. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the size of these images while maintaining an acceptable degree of quality. In this paper, we use Python software to apply K-mean Clustering algorithm to compress RGB images. The PSNR, MSE, and SSIM are utilized to measure the image quality after image compression. The results of compression reduced the image size to nearly half the size of the original images using k = 64. In the SSIM measure, the higher the K, the greater the similarity between the two images which is a good indicator to a significant reduction in image size. Our proposed compression technique powered by the K-Mean clustering algorithm is useful for compressing images and reducing the size of images.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.953-959
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• 2012

There are a number of idle nodes in sensor networks, these can act as detector nodes for anomaly detection in the network. For detecting node selection problem modeled as optimization equation, the conventional method using centralized genetic algorithm was evaluated. In this paper, a method to improve the convergence of the optimal value, while improving energy efficiency as a method of considering the characteristics of the network topology using parallel genetic algorithm is proposed. Through simulation, the proposed method compared with the conventional approaches to the convergence of the optimal value was improved and was found to be energy efficient.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.5-23
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• 2012

Nowadays, most researchers and manufacturers always pay attention on wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to its potential applications in many regions such as military, industrial and civilian areas. WSNs are the basic components of Internet of Things (IoT) and the key to machine-to-machine communications and the future Internet. Also, the security is an essential element for deploying WSNs. Recently the concept of trust-based mechanism was proposed in WSNs such as traditional cryptographic and authentication mechanisms. However, there is lack a survey on trust management for WSNs, IoT even future Internet. In this paper, we discuss the concept and potential application areas of trust management for WSNs and IoT worlds. Furthermore, we survey different trust management issues (i.e., cluster, aggregation, reputation). Finally, future research directions with respect to trust management in WSNs and future IoT world are provided. We give not only simple WSNs for IoT environments but also a simulated bootstrap platform to provide the discussion of open challenges and solutions for deploying IoT in Future Internet.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.69-76
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• 2013

A lot of researches have been done to improve the energy efficiency of Wireless Sensor Networks. But all the current researches are based on the idea of direct communication between cluster head and sink node. Previous results assume that node can intelligently regulate signal energy according to the distance between nodes. It is difficult to implement algorithms based on this assumption. We present a multi-level routing algorithm from the sink node to all other nodes which have fixed radio wave radius. We also show the energy saving efficiency and the implementation in real WSN using the simulation result.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.156-165
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• 2023

IEEE 802.15.4e-TSCH is recognized as a wireless industrial sensor network standard used in IoT systems. To ensure both power savings and reliable communications, the TSCH standard uses techniques including channel hopping and bandwidth reserve. In TSCH mode, scheduling is crucial because it allows sensor nodes to select when data should be delivered or received. Because a wide range of applications may necessitate energy economy and transmission dependability, we present a distributed approach that uses a cluster tree topology to forecast scheduling requirements for the following slotframe, concentrating on the Poisson model. The proposed Optimized Minimal Scheduling Function (OMSF) is interested in the details of the scheduling time intervals, something that was not supported by the Minimal Scheduling Function (MSF) proposed by the 6TSCH group. Our contribution helps to deduce the number of cells needed in the following slotframe by reducing the number of negotiation operations between the pairs of nodes in each cluster to settle on a schedule. As a result, the cluster tree network's error rate, traffic load, latency, and queue size have all decreased.