• 농업과학연구
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.20-24
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• 2000

External morphological characteristics of male and female of Degeeria separata, which was endoparasited in adult of the Asian ladybird, were studied by using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antenna of Degeeria separata was consisted of three segment and arista. Aristae were about $750{\mu}m$ length and $30{\mu}m$ in diameter. The surface of antennae was covered with many sensilla. They were long or short, slender or thick, and straight or curved. Each three morphological types of sensilla were observed on the second and third segment of antennae. The mouthpart was sponging type. It was consisted with clypeus, labellum, labium, labrum, and maxillary palp. The labellum is $400{\mu}m$ width and double folded vertically. The leg consist of tarsus, tarsus claw, pulvilli, and empodium.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제61권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

나방은 성페로몬에 대한 통신시스템이 잘 발달되어 있다. 동종의 암컷이 방출하는 성페로몬을 원거리에서 감지하여 암컷을 정확히 찾아가 교미할 수 있도록 하기 위해서, 수컷 나방은 고도로 발달된 성페로몬 감지 시스템을 갖고 있다. 이러한 시스템을 이용해서 수컷 나방은 페로몬 냄새기둥(plume)을 따라 바람을 거슬러 비행하면서 간헐적으로 감지되는 페로몬 냄새가닥(odor filaments)을 추적하는 고정행동양식(stereotypic behavior)을 보인다. 일반적으로 여러 성분으로 구성되는 나방의 암컷 성페로몬은 그 조성이 종특이적(species-specific)이며, 비슷한 성분을 공유하는 유사종들이 방출하는 성페로몬과 동종의 암컷이 방출하는 성페로몬을 정확히 구분하기 위해서 수컷 나방은 촉각에 여러 종류의 고도로 특화된 페로몬 감각세포들을 갖고 있어서, 이들이 페로몬을 감지할 때 나오는 신경 신호들을 종합해서 동종의 페로몬을 인식하여 행동반응이 일어나게 된다. 수컷 나방은 보통 동종의 페로몬 성분뿐만 아니라 유사종이 사용하는 페로몬 성분들을 특이적으로 감지하는 길항적(antagonistic) 냄새감각세포들도 갖고 있어서 페로몬 식별력을 강화한다. 본 종설에서는 지금까지 보고된 수컷 나방의 페로몬 감지 시스템과 이와 연관된 수컷의 감각기 및 행동반응에 대한 연구 결과들을 정리하고, 이를 종합하여 앞으로의 연구 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

• 환경생물
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.396-405
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• 2019

A new species of free-living marine nematode is described from intertidal sediments of the East Sea, Korea. Phanoderma koreense sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of well-developed pharyngeal and cephalic capsule, six inner labial sensilla present as minute papillae around with circular groove, long and slender spicules with 4-5 serrated distal end, located at the base of the precloacal supplement, a series of eight to nine stout and short setae on the ventral cloacal region and conico-cylindrical tail with two pairs of blunt setae. In this study, we provide taxonomic descriptions and illustrations of a new species by differential interference contrast microscope and a pictorial key to the valid species of Phanoderma Bastian, 1865. This is the first record of the genus Phanoderma in the East Sea, Korea.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제6권spc호
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• pp.185-214
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• 2017

The genus Phyllopodopsyllus T. Scott, 1906 is nearly cosmopolitan and contains around 60 valid species, but has not been previously recorded in Korea. One of the reasons is probably the paucity of research in marginal habitats, such as marine interstitial. I describe two new species here. Numerous specimens of both sexes of P. kitazimai sp. nov. were collected from a beach near Yeongdeok, while only two females of P. busanensis sp. nov. were collected from a beach near Busan. The new species differ in numerous macro-morphological characters, such as the segmentation and armature of the antennula, armature of the mandibula, maxillula, maxilliped, and the first three swimming legs, as well as the shape of the caudal rami and the female genital field. However, they show very little difference in the number and position of cuticular organs (pores and sensilla) on all somites, which might prove these rarely used micro-characters to be useful in the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in this group of harpacticoids. Both species have their closest relatives in Japan. Phyllopodopsyllus kitazimai is morphologically most similar to P. punctatus Kitazima, 1981, but can be distinguished by much longer third exopodal segments of the third and fourth swimming legs. Phyllopodopsyllus busanensis shares the largest number of morphological similarities with P. setouchiensis Kitazima, 1981, but can be distinguished by shorter caudal rami. A key to species is also provided.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.530-538
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• 2020

The Gustatory system enables animals to detect toxic bitter chemicals, which is critical for insects to survive food induced toxicity. Cucurbitacin is widely present in plants such as cucumber and gourds that acts as an anti-herbivore chemical and an insecticide. Cucurbitacin has a harmful effect on insect larvae as well. Although various beneficial effects of cucurbitacin such as alleviating hyperglycemia have also been documented, it is not clear what kinds of molecular sensors are required to detect cucurbitacin in nature. Cucurbitacin B, a major bitter component of bitter melon, was applied to induce action potentials from sensilla of a mouth part of the fly, labellum. Here we identify that only Gr33a is required for activating bitter-sensing gustatory receptor neurons by cucurbitacin B among available 26 Grs, 23 Irs, 11 Trp mutants, and 26 Gr-RNAi lines. We further investigated the difference between control and Gr33a mutant by analyzing binary food choice assay. We also measured toxic effect of Cucurbitacin B over 0.01 mM range. Our findings uncover the molecular sensor of cucurbitacin B in Drosophila melanogaster. We propose that the discarded shell of Cucurbitaceae can be developed to make a new insecticide.

• 환경생물
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.579-590
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• 2022

Three free-living marine nematodes(Desmoscolex(Desmoscolex) max Timm, 1970, Daptonema longiapophysis Huang and Zhang, 2010, and Pseudosteineria sinica Huang and Li, 2010) were newly recorded in Korea. Desmoscolex (D.) max was found from subtidal coarse sediment around Wangdolcho in the East Sea. It was characterized by the presence of untypical setae arrangement, obviously elongated triangle-shaped head, long hairy cephalic setae, a long naked tail spinneret, and the absence of peduncle at the base of somatic setae. Daptonema longiapophysis was obtained from intertidal sandy sediments in the southern coast of Korea. It was characterized by the presence of setiform labial sensilla, spicules with a projection on both sides, and gubernaculum with dorso-caudal apophysis. Pseudosteineria sinica was discovered from the intertidal sediment in the Yellow Sea. It was characterized by unobservable amphideal fovea, different lengths of spicules, and gubernaculum with dorso-caudal apophysis. In this study, we provide detailed morphological features of three free-living marine nematodes by differential interference contrast microscopy.

• Journal of Species Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.4-34
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• 2012

Parastenocaris koreana sp. nov. is described based on examination of numerous adult specimens of both sexes from several localities in Korea. Scanning electron micrographs are used to examine intra- and interpopulation variability of micro-characters, in addition to light microscopy. The new species is most closely related to the Japanese P. biwae Miura, 1969, which we redescribe based on newly collected material from the Lake Biwa drainage area. The two species differ in size, relative length of the caudal rami, shape of the anal operculum, shape of the genital double somite, relative length of the inner distal process on the female fifth leg, as well as relative length of the apical setae on the second, third, and fourth legs exopods in both sexes. Detailed examinations of three disjunct populations of P. koreana reveal also some geographical variation, especially in the surface ornamentation of somites, which may indicate some population structuring or even cryptic speciation. Lack of intraspecific variability in the number and position of sensilla on somites, as well as their potential phylogenetic significance, is a novel discovery. Both species examined here belong to the brevipes group, which we redefine to include 20 species from India (including Sri Lanka), Australia, East Asia, Northern Europe, and North America. A key to species of this group is also provided. In order to test the monophyly of the redefined brevipes group with highly disjunct distribution, as well as relationship between different species, a cladistics analysis is performed based on 39 morphological characters and with help of three outgroup taxa. Six equally parsimonious cladograms are generated, all of which show that the ingroup is well defined by at least three synapomorphies. Reconstructed phylogeny questions the previously suggested hypothesis about the origin of this group in South East Asia, with one Australian species showing the most basal position. We speculate that the present distribution of this group may be a combination of ancient vicariance and subsequent dispersal, with a possible origin in the Gondwanaland, in the rift valley between Australia and India.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제40권10호
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• pp.731-736
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• 2017

Taste sensitivity to sugars plays an essential role in the initiation of feeding behavior. In Drosophila melanogaster, recent studies have identified several gustatory receptor (Gr) genes required for sensing sweet compounds. However, it is as yet undetermined how these GRs function as taste receptors tuned to a wide range of sugars. Among sugars, fructose has been suggested to be detected by a distinct receptor from other sugars. While GR43A has been reported to sense fructose in the brain, it is not expressed in labellar gustatory receptor neurons that show taste response to fructose. In contrast, the Gr64a-Gr64f gene cluster was recently shown to be associated with fructose sensitivity. Here we sought to decipher the genes required for fructose response among Gr64a-Gr64f genes. Unexpectedly, the qPCR analyses for these genes show that labellar expression levels of Gr64d and Gr64e are higher in fructose low-sensitivity flies than in high-sensitivity flies. Moreover, gustatory nerve responses to fructose in labellar sensilla are higher in Gr64d and Gr64f mutant lines than in mutant flies of the other Gr64a-Gr64f genes. These data suggest the possibility that deletion of GR64D or GR64F may indirectly induce enhanced fructose sensitivity in the labellum. Finally, we conclude that response to fructose cannot be explained by a single one of the Gr64a-Gr64f genes.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.13-18
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• 1999

온실가루이의 외부형태적 특징을 주사전자현미경 사진을 통해 관찰하였다. 우선 이들은 포탄모양의 알을 산란하는데 짧은 갈고리모양의 구조에 의해 잎 뒷면에 붙어있는 것이 확인되었다. 촉각의 길이는 0.3mm로 전체가 6마디로 구성되어 있고, 첫마디는 굵고 짧으며 둘째 마디부터 가늘고 긴 채찍모양을 하고 있다. 끝마디인 6번째 마디의 끝에는 길이가 $10{\mu}m$정도의 가늘고 비교적 긴 감각기를 가지고 있어 기주를 탐색하는 과정에서 식물체의 표면을 탐지하는데 사용하는 것으로 사료되며, 바로 밑부분에는 길이가 $7-8{\mu}m$정도의 비교적 굵은 감각기 2개가 존재하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 이 감각기는 반대편에는 존재하고 있지 않은 비대칭 분포를 보이고 있으며, 또한 두 개의 모양이 서로 상이함으로 볼 수 있다. 이들의 기능은 주로 기주식물을 탐색하거나 후각기능의 화학적 감각기의 역할을 하는 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 섭식생동이 이루어지는 온실가루이 구기는 전형적인 piercing-sucking type으로, 구침이 길게 잘 발달되어 있다. 구기의 끝부분은 10여개의 미세감각기가 분포하고 있어 식물체 표면을 탐색하고 맛을 보는 미각기능을 하고 있으리라 추측할 수 있다. 구침은 종종 구기에서 분리되기도 하지만, 구침을 잡아주는 지지대가 기부쪽에 자리하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 구침은 두 개의 반원형이 붙어 있는 형상을 하고 있으며, 다른 흡즙형 구침과는 달리 톱날모양의 구조를 볼 수 없었다. 한편 온실가루이의 다리 끝에 붙어 있는 발톱은 식물체에 고정시키기 위한 구조로 보이는 두 개의 갈고리 형태의 발톱과 그 사이에 중앙지지대 형태의 구조인 paranychium을 포함하여 3갈래의 구조를 하고 있다.