• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
• /
• no.31
• /
• pp.241-262
• /
• 2011

In this paper we show how the perception of heavenly principle(天理) and definition of individual desires(私慾) in the five commentaries on Daodejing(道德經) was changed over time. The five commentaries on Daodejing(道德經) composed during $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ are 'Sooneon(醇言) by Lee, Yul-gock (李珥,1536~1584), 'SinJoo-DoDuckKyung (新註道德經) - or New Commentary on Daodejing(道德經) - by Park, Se-dang(朴世堂,1629~1703), 'Dodukjigi(道德指歸)' by Suh, Myoung-euing(徐命膺,1716~1787), 'Chowondamro (椒園談老)' by Lee, Chung-ik(李忠翊,1744~1816), and 'Jungro(訂老)' by Hong, Suk-joo (洪奭周,1774~1842). The course of history in understanding the book, "Daodejing(道德經)," demonstrated that by the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty in the 18th century, the notion of 'the moral law for the community' has changed. Neither Suh, Myoung-euing nor Lee, Chung-ik emphasized 'the necessity for the truth of the heavens.'Instead, they focused more on the 'individuals' who followed the moral law than the moral law itself. They did not see the individual desire as the object that had to be discarded. Within the context of this framework, the individual's role had changed from the person who had to be obedient to the law to the subject who judged the moral law all by him/herself. This process of breaking up 'the goodness of the community' led the $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty of the 18th century in the transition period to the modern era. In other words, it was the time when the introspection of the 'moral law' prevailed in the $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty occurred naturally and spontaneously among the Confucian scholars, which implied the reconceptualization of the 'self-awareness' or 'the point of view on the individual's self-desire' was occurred in the context of academic development during the late $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.29
• /
• pp.129-149
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clustering and Big Five Personality domains in discriminating groups by level of school-related adjustment, as experienced by Social Sims game users. Social Games are based on web that has simple rules to play in fictional time and space background. This paper is to analyze the relationships between social networks and user behaviors through the social games . In general, characteristics of social games are simple, fun and easy to play, popular to the public, and based on personal connections in reality. These features of social games make themselves different from video games with one player or MMORPG with many unspecific players. Especially Social Game show a noticeable characteristic related to social learning. The object of this research is to provide a possibility that game that its social perspective can be strengthened in social game environment and analyze whether it actually influences on problem solving of real life problems, therefore suggesting its direction of alternative play means and positive simulation game. Data was collected by administering 4 questionnaires (the short version of BFI, Satisfaction with life, Career Decision-.Making Self-.Efficacy, Depression) to the participants who were 20 people in Seoul and Daejeon. For the purposes of the data analysis, both Stepwise Discriminant analysis and Cluster analysis was employed. Neuroticism, Openness, Conscientiousness within the Big Five Personality domains were seen to be significant variables when it came to discriminating the groups. These findings indicated that the short version of the BFI may be useful in understanding for game user behaviors When it comes to cultural research, digital game takes up a significant role. We can see that from the fact that game, which has only been considered as a leisure activity or commercial means, is being actively research for its methodological, social role and function. Among digital game's several meanings, one of the most noticeable ones is the research on its critical, social participating function. According to Jame Paul gee, the most important merit of game is 'projected identity'. This means that experiences from various perspectives is possible.[1] In his recent autobiography , he described gamer as an active problem solver. In addition, Gonzalo Francesca also suggested an alternative game developing method through 'game that conveys critical messages by strengthening critical reasons'. [2] They all provided evidences showing game can be a strong academic tool. Not only does a genre called social game exist in the field of media and Social Network Game, but there are also some efforts to positively evaluate its value Through these kinds of researches, we can study how game can give positive influence along with the change in its general perception, which would eventually lead to spreading healthy game culture and enabling fresh life experience. This would better bring out the educative side of the game and become a social communicative tool. The object of this game is to provide a possibility that the social aspect can be strengthened within the game environment and analyze whether it actually influences the problem solving of real life problems. Therefore suggesting it's direction of alternative play means positive game simulation.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.705-720
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the meaning and value of interest (in Korean 'Jae-mi') in science education through literature analysis. Literature analyses were conducted on literature related to interest in various fields such as Korean language, psychology, philosophy, and education. Specifically, this study discussed the meaning of interest, the characteristics of the context of experiencing interest, the educational value of interest in science education, and the direction of science education to realize the value of interest. First, it was found that interest is an experience of emotional activation that can be felt through interaction with a specific object, and it is an emotional experience caused by the complex combination of various psychological factors, which is oriented sense, relationship, self, and object. Second, to understand the context of experience of interest, we conducted a topic modeling analysis with 1173 research articles related to interest. As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that the context of interest is closely related with playfulness. And we addressed that this kind of playfulness is also found in science. Third, the educational values of interest in science education were discussed. In science education, fun is not only an instrumental value to induce science learning behavior, it is also one of the universal experiences that learners feel lively in science teaching-learning, and driving force of individual students' emotional development related to science. The students' active attitude to feel interest lead to creative thinking and action. Finally, we argued that the interest that should be aimed in science education should be active interest and experienced at trial and error, not passive interest induced by external stimuli. And science education culture should be encouraged to respect those who enjoy science. In particular, this study discussed the importance of each student's unique interest experience based on the philosophy of philosopher Deleuze (1976).

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
• /
• v.39
• /
• pp.215-247
• /
• 2021

In Buddhism, there are specific terms related to miracles and miraculous acts such as the Sanskrit term, abhijñā, which was translated as into Chinese characters as shintong (神通). This term implies the six supranormal powers. It originally meant 'direct knowledge,' 'high knowledge,' or 'knowledge beyond the common senses,' which was understood as a superhuman and transcendental ability possessed by Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, and noblemen. However, this took on different meanings and morphed into different terms later in India and China. This article analyzes the subject, object, type, and purpose of these shintong, focusing on the Sutra for the Householder Kaivarti (堅固經, Gyeonggo-gyeong, Kaivarti-sūtra) from the Longer Discourses (長阿含經, Jang-Ahamgyeong, Dīrghâgama) and exemplary Buddhist texts such as the Sanskrit, In Praise of the Acts of the Buddha (佛所行讚, Bulsohaengchan, Buddhacaritam) and the Chinese Records of Eminent Monks (高僧傳, goseungjeon) and Continued Records of Eminent Monks (續高僧傳, Sok-goseungjeon). The historical evolution and changes to the meaning of Shintong in Indian and Chinese contexts can be observed through these texts. In the Sutra for the Householder Kaivarti, the Buddha said that there are three kinds of Shintong: supranormal footedness (神足, shinjok, ṛddhi-pāda), mindreading (觀察他心, gwanchaltashim, anya-mano-jñāna), and education (敎誡, gyogye, anuśāsana). Among them, supranormal footedness (multiplying one's body, teleportation, flying, walking on water, etc.) and mindreading were denied because, at that time, claims of this nature were used to appeal to people's emotions and inspire sincerity, but this was of no use in conveying the Buddha's teaching. On the other hand, education, acquired only with through enlightenment, was sanctioned as a shintong unique to Buddhism. However, in In Praise of the Acts of the Buddha, supranormal footedness and mindreading were described as important ways to lead people to enlightenment, while education pertained to the whole of spiritual work. In China, Buddhism was a foreign religion at first, and it urgently sought to be accepted. After the increase of its religious influence, introspection on discipline and practice was meant to firmly deepen its roots. In line with this, shintong and miracles were transformed and expanded to suit the Chinese cultural context. Such changes in Buddhist history are well illustrated by the shini (神異, miraculous powers) described in Records of Eminent Monks and the gamtong (感通, penetration of sensitivity) detailed in Continued Records of Eminent Monks. In Records of Eminent Monks, the subject of shini was that of eminent monks and its objects were those who did not know of Buddhism or believe in it. In Continued Records of Eminent Monks, however, the monks themselves could be objects of shini. The change of object suggests that the purpose had shifted from edification to awareness and self-reflection. Shini focused on edification, whereas gamtong re-emphasized the importance of the pure discipline and practice of monks during the 6^th and 7^th centuries when China became predominantly Buddhist.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.42-54
• /
• 2017

Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate farm work environments among farmers and examine the level of management of safety and health, and to subsequently produce study result to serve as foundational data for the development of guidelines on safety and health as part of the improvement of farming work environments among farmers raising Korean native cattle. Methods: The present study conducted a survey on farm work environments and the management of safety and health with 407 farmers engaged in Korean native cattle farming in selected regions in eight provinces. It also visited 10 farmers to verify the current status of farm work. Results: The survey results showed that 16.4% of the respondents experienced safety-related accidents due to farm work. The locations of the accidents were inside the cattle shed (71.4%) and facilities outside the cattle shed (19.6%). The types of accident showed collision with animals (35.7%), collision or contact with obstacles (27.1%), and musculoskeletal accidents due to heavy object handling (12.9%). The causes of the accidents were cattle (38.3%), cultivators and tractors (25.4%), facility tools in cattle sheds (9.0%), and slippery floors (6.0%). The damaged areas were hand (21.0%), spine (19.8%), lower limb (18.5%), and foot (17.3%). A self-diagnostic survey on respiratory diseases showed that 11.5% of the respondents experienced respiratory-related symptoms. The survey on safety and health during farm work showed that wearing personal protective equipment and response to emergency situations, which were needed to prevent safety-related accidents, were relatively low compared to the level of recognition of the need and awareness of safety issues. Furthermore, the field survey identified the current status of safety and health issues such as prevention management of collision accidents with cattle, how to handle heavy objects, and wearing of personal protective equipment. Conclusions: The present study identified safety-related accidents and problems in the management of safety and health among Korean native cattle farmers. In order to address the problem, it is necessary to not only provide guidelines on safety and health management which are appropriate to the characteristics of Korean native cattle farming work, but also to study the development of personal protective equipment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.105 no.4
• /
• pp.496-504
• /
• 2016

As people's interest in forest trail increases, it has reached a critical time to extend forest trail program. This study clarifies correlation between two variables, organizational commitment and job motivation and identifies the variations in organizational commitment level for job motivation so that the forest trail programs attain its object and meet users' satisfaction. As a result, first, job motivation can be divided into 'personal satisfaction', 'work value', and 'external reward and recognition'; the biggest motivation is 'personal satisfaction', followed by 'work value' and 'external reward and recognition'. Second, job motivation has a positive correlation with organizational commitment. Especially 'personal satisfaction' and 'external reward and recognition' have a positive impact on the organizational commitment. To sum up, the personal satisfaction has a greater impact on organizational commitment than other factors. Therefore, it is needed to draw up measures to increase their personal satisfaction like making them have self esteem from forest trail guide.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.367-376
• /
• 2013

The objectives of this study are to provide the food market of internet shopping malls with effective marketing data, to provide basic data for the development of related fields of the study, and ultimately to increase the satisfaction of food consumers of internet shopping malls. To achieve the object of this research, a cluster analysis of the research subjects was carried out based on the following 5 factors of food purchasing attribute that had been deduced by a factor analysis by the types of food purchasers: quality characteristics, informativity, convenience, price and diversity. According to the result of the cluster analysis, the research subjects were classified into the 2 clusters of diversity and informativity. The deduced 2 clusters, together with age and occupation among general characteristics, were used as independent variables to find out food purchasing behaviors and satisfaction at internet shopping malls. The results are as follows: Regarding the frequency of food purchasing experiences at internet shopping malls according to occupation, the highest frequency was shown by those involved in service, sales and self-employed businesses; whereas regarding the frequency according to age, those in their 30s and 40s showed the highest frequency. The total amount of money spent on food purchasing for 1 year at internet shopping malls was shown to increase as age increased. The frequency of the purchasing experiences of agricultural products and fish products was shown to be higher as age increased. However, overall purchase satisfaction was highest among those in their 30s, while lowest among those in their 40s. Regarding satisfaction by the types of food purchased via internet shopping malls, satisfaction was relatively higher with common foods and functional foods, while lower with fish products. Taken together, it was concluded that purchasing behaviors at internet food shopping malls, such as the frequency of purchasing experiences and purchase amount, varied depending on age rather than purchasing attribute. Accordingly, in order to vitalize internet food shopping malls, it would be necessary to provide customized food shopping information for individual age groups.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
• /
• v.10
• /
• pp.111-159
• /
• 2006

The study is to examine the concept, origin, developmental process, and characteristics of 'Kioonsangdong,' or 'lively energy' to look into whether 'Kioon' maybe interpreted by modern sense and sensitivity and be applied to contemporary creative activities, and to explore whether the ideality of 'Kioon' may be transferred into visualization in pictures. The article defines the scope of 'Ki' as 'Ki(energy)' of artistry and sees the Wei, Chin and the South & North dynasties as its derived point. In Chapter I, before the examination of 'Kioon,' 'the relationship of Ki and Oon,' and 'interrelationship of Kioon (energy) and Sangdong (liveliness) are investigated. It is impossible to define Kioon in a word due to its being abstract. Thus, although it does not seem to be unlimited, focusing on putting a variety of concepts of Kioonsangdong in order, it classifies the subject, from which such Kioon reveals itself, into 'its former self,' things of the object,' 'character,' and 'brush and Chinese ink.' Then, with selected representative works for each category, it examines how Kioonsangdong is reflected in the works. In addition, it comprehensively argues on Kioon through presenting the points of Kioon theories by many an art critic and artist from the Wei, Chin and the South & North dynasties to modem China. In Chapter II, the study analyzes the Kioon-reflected works that have been examined in Chapter 1 in the light of the Kioon theories of 'blanks,' 'styles of brushmanship,' and 'techniques of Chinese ink,' and by selecting and analyzing representative artists and works in each era, it investigates how Kioon had been transformed as times had changed. In Chapter III, which is the core of the study, is on contemporary interpretations of Kioon. I intend to interpret Kioon as scent. In other words, through replacing abstract Kioon with the olfactory sense, actually realizing and forming it, and then visualizing it onto my own work, I attempt to grope for contemporary interpretations of Kioon. That is to say, I explain how Kioon is transformed into scent on the grounds that the origins of Kioon may be detected in literature and aesthetics. Besides, the study looks into the process that 'the scent of the olfactory sense' turns into 'the scent of art,' which I assert by contemporary interpretations, and shows in details that it may be visualized in pictures presenting quotes. In Chapter IV, it analyzes Kioonsangdong expressed visually as the scent of art in my own work in terms of the three techniques of blanks, brushmanship, and Chinese ink.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.371-379
• /
• 2015

This study examined the symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and the relationship with the psychological character using Symptom Check List-90-Revision (SCL-90-R). The self-administered questionnaire survey was implemented from March 1, 2014 to June 30, 2014 targeting 294 University Students in Daejeon and Gangwon area aged 20-31 years old (Men 140 persons, Women 54 persons). The data showed that the teeth grinding and the unilateral chewing out of corrupt practices in the mouth in relation to the use of the lower jaw showed a significant correlation (p<0.01) with the depth of symptoms of temporomandibular disorder, as the result of the simple psychodiagnosis inspection (SCL-90-R), and a significant correlation (p<0.05) with the depth of symptoms of temporomandibular disorder in the item excluding phobic anxiety (PHOB). The somatization (SOM) criteria out of individual psychological characteristic appeared to have the significant plus (+) effect on the depth of symptoms of temporomandibular disorder as a result of implementing multiple regression analysis by controlling the individual characteristic variables to check the influence of the psychological character of the study object on the symptom of temporomandibular disorder.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.523-544
• /
• 2009

The object of this study is to analyze manipulative materials in the Pattern & Algebra field of Maths300-Maths with Attitude, Australian school mathematics program with manipulative materials to search meaningful ways for school mathematics. To accomplish these projects, 20 manipulative materials in the Pattern & Algebra field of the Maths with Attitude are introduced and each manipulative materials can be used are searched according to grades and fields of Korean educational course. And 4 mathematics classes for 3rd and 5th grades(two for each grades) with manipulative materials are performed and effect of these classes are examined by recorded data and students' opinions are inquired by questionnaire. First, We analyze Pattern & Algebra of the Maths with Attitude 20 manipulative materials such as 4ARM SHAPES, ADDITION TOTALS, ICE CREAM FLAVOURS, THE LAND OF ET, etc. In this analysis, plans for utilizing the manipulative materials are categorized in 9 types. Second, by students' handling these kinds of manipulative materials in classes, their interest in mathematics is increased and voluntary and creative classes out of the conventional ones can be made. Also, students' self-confidence in mathematics and active participation is animated. This kind of manipulative materials are introduced in the educational field of elementary schools, plans for utilizing the teaching aids in the field are analyzed, the teaching aids are practically applied to classes, and the effect and meanings for mathematics classes are examined. With this research, another researches about the introduction and utilization of other various manipulative materials for motivating students to efficiently understand what they learn in mathematics class of elementary schools are required.