• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.681-695
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• 2013

Performance-based seismic design allows a structure to develop inelastic response during earthquakes. This modern seismic design requires more clearly defined levels of inelastic response. The ultimate deformation of a structure without total collapse (target displacement) is used to obtain the inelastic deformation capacity (inelastic performance). The inelastic performance of a structure indicates its performance under excitation. In this study, a new energy-based method to obtain the target displacement for reinforced concrete frames under cyclic loading is proposed. Concrete structures were analyzed using nonlinear static (pushover) analysis and cyclic loading. Failure of structures under cyclic loading was controlled and the new method was tested to obtain target displacement. In this method, the capacity energy absorption of the structures for both pushover and cyclic analyses were considered to be equal. The results were compared with FEMA-356, which confirmed the accuracy of the proposed method.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.849-865
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• 2016

Beside the invaluable advancements in constructing more secure buildings, the post-earthquake inspections have reported considerable damages. In other words, the modern buildings satisfactorily decrease fatalities but the monetary impacts still mostly remain an unsolved concern of the stakeholders, the insurance companies and society together. Therefore, the fundamental target of the researches shifted from current force-based seismic design regulations to the Performance-Based earthquake engineering (PBEE). At the moment, some probabilistic approaches, such as PEER framework have been developed to predict the performance of building at any desired hazard levels. These procedures are so time-consuming, to which many details are needed to be assigned. It causes their usage to be limited. On that account, developing more straightforward methods seems indispensable. The main objective of the present paper is to adapt an equivalent static method in different damage states. Consequently, constant damage spectrums corresponding to different limit states, soil types, ductility and fundamental periods are plotted and tri-linear formulas are proposed for further applications. Moreover, the sensitivity of outcomes to the employed hysteresis model, ductility, viscous damping and site soil type is investigated. Finally, a case study building with moment-resisting R.C. frame is evaluated based on the both of new and current methods to ensure applicability of the proposed method.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제86권4호
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• pp.503-518
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• 2023

In tall constructions, the outriggers are regarded as a structural part capable of effectively resisting lateral loads. This study analyses the efficacy of hybrid outrigger system in high rise RCC building for various structural parameters identified. For variations in α, which is defined as the ratio of the relative flexural stiffness of the core to the axial rigidity of the column, static and dynamic analyses of hybrid outrigger system having a virtual and a conventional outrigger at two distinct levels were conducted in the present study. An investigation on the optimal outrigger position was performed by taking the results from absolute maximum inter storey drift ratio (ISD_max), roof acceleration (acc_roof), roof displacement (disp_roof), and base bending moment under both wind and seismic loads on analytical models having 40, 60 and 80 storeys. An ideal performance index parameter was introduced and was utilized to obtain the optimal position of the hybrid outrigger system considering the combined response of ISD_max, acc_roof, disp_roof and, criteria required for the structure under wind and seismic loads. According to the behavioural study, increasing the column area and outrigger arm length will maximise the performance of the hybrid outrigger system. The analysis results are summarized in a flowchart which provides the optimal positions obtained for each dependent parameter and based on ideal performance index which can be used to make initial suggestions for installing a hybrid outrigger system.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.297-321
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• 2011

The seismic design of a two-storey precast reinforced-concrete building structure equipped with viscous dampers is presented in this paper with twofold purpose. The first goal is to verify the applicability of a practical procedure for the identification of the mechanical characteristics of the viscous dampers which allow to achieve target performance levels, originally proposed by the authors for moment-resisting building frames, also with reference to "pendular" structures. The second goal is to investigate the effectiveness of the use of viscous dampers (as compared with traditional lateral-resisting stiff braces) for the seismic design of precast not moment-resisting concrete structures.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2011

In order to estimate the viscous effects of clay over a wide range of strain levels, we confirmed the performance of a viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model by simulating cyclic undrained triaxial tests to determine the cyclic strength and deformation characteristics of natural marine clay. The viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model was then incorporated into an effective stress-based seismic response analysis to estimate the effects of an intermediate clay layer on the behavior of sand layers. Seismic response was simulated by the cyclic viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model created with data recorded at Rokko Island, Kobe, Japan. The results show that a cyclic viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model can provide a good description of dynamic behavior including viscoelastic effects, within a small strain range.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.563-576
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• 2015

Over the past few decades, seismic retrofitting of structural systems has been significantly improved by the adoption of various methods such as FRP composite wraps, base isolation systems, and passive/active damper control systems. In parallel with this trend, probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) for structural and nonstructural components has become necessary for risk mitigation and the achievement of reliable designs in performance-based earthquake engineering. The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect on piping fragility at T-joints due to seismic retrofitting of structural systems with passive energy-dissipation devices (i.e., linear viscous dampers). Three mid-rise building types were considered: without any seismic retrofitting; with distributed damper systems; with optimal placement of dampers. The results showed that the probability of piping system failure was considerably reduced in a Multi Degree of Freedom (MDOF) building retrofitted with optimal passive damper systems at lower floor levels. This effect of damper systems on piping fragility became insignificant as the floor level increased.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 기존 건물의 내진성능평가 요령의 개선안을 바탕으로 비보강 조적조 건물의 내진성능을 평가하였다. 평가 절차는 예비평가, 1차상세평가, 2차상세평가의 3단계로 구성되어 있으며, 보수적인 평가로 시작하여 점차 상세한 평가를 실시한다. 본 연구의 목적은 이와 같은 단계적 평가의 실효성을 검증하고 평가결과와 조적조 벽량과의 상관관계를 분석하는 것이다. 연구를 위해 10개의 2층 비보강 조적조 건물을 선택한 후 3단계 절차를 이용하여 단계별로 성능평가를 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 예비평가와 1차상세평가간에 성능수준이 절차의 의도와 역행해서 나타났다. 따라서 앞으로 본 연구 결과에서 나타난 각 평가 단계별 문제점을 보완할 필요가 있다.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2024

Code-compliant seismic design should be essentially applied to realize the so-called emulative performance of precast concrete (PC) lateral force-resisting systems, and this study developed simple procedures to design precast industrial buildings with intermediate precast bearing wall systems considering both the effect of seismic and blast loads. Seismic design provisions specified in ACI 318 and ASCE 7 can be directly adopted, for which the so-called 1.5S_y condition is addressed in PC wall-to-wall and wall-to-base connections. Various coupling options were considered and addressed in the seismic design of wall-to-wall connections for the longitudinal and transverse design directions to secure optimized performance and better economic feasibility. On the other hand, two possible methods were adopted in blast analysis: 1) Equivalent static analysis (ESA) based on the simplified graphic method and 2) Incremental dynamic time-history analysis (IDTHA). The ESA is physically austere to use in practice for a typical industrial PC-bearing wall system. Still, it showed an overestimating trend in terms of the lateral deformation. The coupling action between precast wall segments appears to be inevitably required due to substantially large blast loads compared to seismic loads with increasing blast risk levels. Even with the coupled-precast shear walls, the design outcome obtained from the ESA method might not be entirely satisfactory to the drift criteria presented by the ASCE Blast Design Manual. This drawback can be overcome by addressing the IDTHA method, where all the design criteria were fully satisfied with precast shear walls' non-coupling and group-coupling strength, where each individual or grouped shear fence was designed to possess 1.5S_y for the seismic design.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.361-377
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• 2018

In this paper, an alternative reliability-based methodology is developed and implemented on the safety evaluation of structures subjected to seismic loading. To effectively elaborate the approach, structures are represented by finite elements and seismic loading is applied in time domain. The accuracy of the proposed reliability-based methodology is verified using Monte Carlo Simulation. It is confirmed that the presented approach provides adequate accuracy in calculating structural reliability. The efficiency and robustness in problems related to performance-based seismic design are verified. A structure designed by experts satisfying all post-Northridge seismic design requirements is studied. Rigidities related to beam-to-column connections are incorporated. The structure is excited by three suites of ground motions representing three performance levels: immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. Using this methodology, it is demonstrated that only hundreds of deterministic finite element analyses are required for extracting reliability information. Several advantages are documented with respect to Monte Carlo Simulation. To showcase an applicability extension of the proposed reliability-based methodology, structural risk is calculated using simulated ground motions generated via the broadband platform developed by the Southern California Earthquake Center. It is validated the accuracy of the broadband platform in terms of structural reliability. Based on the results documented in this paper, a very solid, sound, and precise reliability-based methodology is proved to be acceptable for safety evaluation of structures excited by seismic loading.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.313-322
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• 2007

PCS 구조 시스템은 프리캐스트 콘크리트 기둥과 철골보로 이루어진 합성 구조 시스템의 일종이다. 이 시스템은 접합부를 볼트로 연결함으로써 완전건식공법이며 조립식이어서 시공성 및 경제성 면에서 많은 장점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 실험체를 구성하는 PC 기둥 및 접합부를 개발하였으며, PCS 구조 시스템의 구조적 특성과 내진 성능을 파악하기 위하여 다양한 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과 개발된 PC 기둥은 손상 이후에도 강도 성능을 유지하는 우수함을 보였다. 철골보의 스캘럽은 파괴 모드 조절 및 에너지소산 능력에 효율적인 것으로 나타났으며, 단부 평판으로 구속된 접합부는 그 강도 성능이 매우 우수하였다 타설된 슬래브는 파괴 모드 조절 및 에너지소산 능력에 바람직하지 못한 효과를 보였다. 내진 성능 분석 결과 PCS 구조 시스템은 초기 강성을 제외한 강도 및 강성 저하, 에너지소산 성능의 ACI 기준을 모두 만족하는 것으로 나타났으며 매우 우수한 것으로 분석되었다. 초기 강성의 경우 PCS 구조 시스템은 다른 합성 구조와 비슷한 수준이었으며, 일반콘크리트 및 철골조도 ACI의 기준을 만족하지 못하는 것으로 조사되었다. 이러한 이유는 ACI의 초기 강성 평가 기준이 부분 구조 실험체만으로는 만족하는데 한계가 있기 때문이다. 그러므로 본 연구에서 수행된 PCS 구조 시스템은 내진 성능 및 역학적 성능이 매우 우수한 것으로 판단된다.