• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.144-153
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• 2024

Recent research is increasingly focused on utilizing seismic waves for structure health monitoring (SHM). Specifically, seismic interferometry, a technique applied in geophysical surveys using ambient noise, is widely applied in SHM. This method involves analyzing the response of buildings to propagating seismic waves. This enables the estimation of changes in structural stiffness and the evaluation of the location and presence of damage. Analysis of seismic interferometry applied to SHM, along with case studies, indicates its highly effective application for assessing structural stability and monitoring building conditions. Seismic interferometry is thus recognized as an efficient approach for evaluating building integrity and damage detection in SHM and monitoring applications.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2018

To characterize virtual reflection images of deep subsurface by the method of seismic interferometry, we analyzed effects of offset range, ambient noise, missing data, and statics on interferograms. For the analyses, seismic energy was simulated to be generated by a 5 Hz point source at the surface. Vertical components of particle velocity were computed at 201 sensor locations at 100 m depths of 1 km intervals by the finite difference method. Each pair of synthetic seismic traces was cross-correlated to generate stacked reflection section by the conventional processing method. Wide-angle reflection problems in reflection interferometry can be minimized by setting a maximum offset range. Ambient noise, missing data, and statics turn to yield processing noise that spreads out from virtual sources due to stretch mutes during normal moveout corrections. The level of processing noise is most sensitive to amplitude and duration time of ambient noise in stacked sections but also affected by number of missing data and the amount of statics.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.203-207
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• 2008

Prestack depth migration is used to image for complex geological structure such as faults, folds, and subsalt. In this case, it is widely used the surface reflection data as a input data. However, the surface reflection data have intrinsic problems to image the subsalt and the salt flank due to the complex wavefields and multiples which come from overburden. For overcoming the structural defect of the surface reflection data in the imaging, I used the virtual sources in terms of seismic interferometry to image the subsurface and suppress the multiples using the velocity model of the lower part of the virtual sources. The results of the prestack depth migration using virtual source gathers and velocity model below receivers are similar geological interfaces to the results from shot gathers of the conventional ocean bottom seismic survey. And especially artificial interfaces by multiples were suppressed without applying any other data processing to eliminate multiples. This study results by numerical modeling can make a valuable imaging tool when it is applied to satisfied field data for specific condition.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.229-237
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• 2023

The use of artificial sources such as explosives and mechanical vibrations for seismic exploration in urban areas poses challenges, as the vibrations and noise generated can lead to complaints. As an alternative to artificial sources, the surface waves generated by traffic noise can be used to investigate the subsurface properties of urban areas. However, traffic noise takes the form of plane waves moving continuously at a constant speed. To apply existing surface wave processing/inversion techniques to traffic noise, the recorded data need to be transformed into a virtual shot gather format using seismic interferometry. In this study, various seismic interferometry methods were applied to traffic noise data, and the optimal method was derived by comparing the results in the Radon and F-K domains. Additionally, the data acquired using various receiver arrays were processed using seismic interferometry, and the results were compared and analyzed to determine the most optimal receiver array direction for exploration.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.96-99
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• 2017

Virtual source data were produced by applying the seismic interferometry to the 2002 experimental seismic refraction data. Using the data, moveout velocities and effective anellipticity were experimentally computed for the crust at eight sites in the Korean peninsula. The moveout velocities of reflection events at approximate Moho depths were yielded to be $6.30{\pm}0.25km/s$ using near-offset traveltimes. Expanding the Taylor approximation to the $3^{rd}$ term for far-offset traveltimes, the effective anellipticity parameters were computed to be $0.18{\pm}0.07$ for the crust material.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.428-434
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• 2014

In this study, we examined the applicability of coda wave interferometry (CWI) technique, which was developed to characterize seismic waves, to detect and evaluate change in the velocity of ultrasonic waves in concrete due to acoustoelastic effect. Ultrasonic wave measurements and compressive loading tests were conducted on a concrete specimen. The measured wave signals were processed with CWI to detect and evaluate the relative velocity change with respect to the stress state of the specimen. A phase change due to the acoustoelastic effect of concrete was clearly detected in the late-arriving coda wave. This shows that the relative velocity change of ultrasonic waves in concrete due to the acoustoelastic effect can be evaluated successfully and precisely using CWI.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2005

Baekdusan is a Cenozoic stratovolcano in which a series of micro-seismic events and gaseous emissions have been reported in 1990s. Two-pass DInSAR technique was applied to determine displacement in the volcano by using 10 ERS SAR and 41 JERS-1 SAR datasets. Most interferometric phases out of 58 JERS-1 differential interferograms showed concentric fringe patterns that correlated with elevation. From an analysis of fringe-duration relation, the fringe patterns were found to be severely distorted specifically by stratified troposphere. To estimate the tropospheric delay, we used the data in the Sobaeksan located about 20 km away from the summit of Baekdusan. The maximum and mean magnitudes of the phase delay in the Baekdusan were respectively 13.8 cm and 3.8 cm over 1200 m in altitude. After removing tropospheric effects, a mean inflation rate was estimated to be about 3 mm per year from 1992 to 1998. Although the inflation rate of the volcano is inconclusive without ground truth data, the results indicate that there exists slow upward deformation in the Baekdusan volcano.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.139-151
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• 2021

By the end of December 2020, an earthquake with Mw about 6.4 hit Sisak-Moslavina County, Croatia. The town of Petrinja was the most affected region with major power outage and many buildings collapsed. The damage also affected neighbor countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia. As a light of this devastating event, a deformation map due to this earthquake could be generated by using remote sensing imagery from Sentinel-1 SAR data. InSAR could be used as deformation map but still affected with noise factor that could problematize the exact deformation value for further research. Thus in this study, 17 SAR data from Sentinel-1 satellite is used in order to generate the multi-temporal interferometry utilize Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS). Mean deformation map that has been compensated from error factors such as atmospheric, topographic, temporal, and baseline errors are generated. Okada model then applied to the mean deformation result to generate the modeled earthquake, resulting the deformation is mostly dominated by strike-slip with 3 meter deformation as right lateral strike-slip. The Okada sources are having 11.63 km in length, 2.45 km in width, and 5.46 km in depth with the dip angle are about 84.47° and strike angle are about 142.88° from the north direction. The results from this modeling can be used as learning material to understand the seismic activity in the latest 2020 Petrinja, Croatia Earthquake.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_4
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• pp.1479-1488
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• 2018

On September 3rd 2017, strong artificial seismic signals from North Korea were detected in KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) seismic network. The location of the epicenter was estimated to be Punggye-ri nuclear test site and it was the most powerful to date. The event was not studied well due to accessibility and geodetic measurements. Therefore, we used remote sensing data to analyze surface changes around Mt. Mantap area. First of all, we tried to detect surface deformation using InSAR method with Advanced Land Observation Satellite-2 (ALOS-2). Even though ALOS-2 data used L-band long wavelength, it was not working well for this particular case because of decorrelation on interferogram. The main reason would be large deformation near the Mt. Mantap area. To overcome this limitation of decorrelation, we applied offset tracking method to measure deformation. However, this method is affected by window kernel size. So we applied various window sizes from 32 to 224 in 16 steps. We could retrieve 2D surface deformation of about 3 m in maximum in the west side of Mt. Mantap. Second, we used Pleiadas-A/B high resolution satellite optical images which were acquired before and after the 6th nuclear test. We detected widespread surface damage around the top of Mt. Mantap such as landslide and suspected collapse area. This phenomenon may be caused by a very strong underground nuclear explosion test. High-resolution satellite images could be used to analyze non-accessible area.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.19-31
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• 2024

Ports are vital social infrastructures that significantly influence both people's lives and a country's economy. In South Korea, the aging of port infrastructure combined with the increased frequency of various natural disasters underscores the necessity of displacement monitoring for safety management of the port. In this study, the time-series displacements of Yeongilman Port and surrounding areas in Pohang, South Korea, were measured by applying Permanent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR) to Sentinel-1 SAR images collected from the satellite's ascending (February 2017-July 2023) and descending (February 2017-December 2021) nodes, and the displacement associated with the 2017 Pohang earthquake in the port was analyzed. The southern (except the southernmost) and central parts of Yeongilman Port showed large displacements attributed to construction activities for about 10 months at the beginning of the observation period, and the coseismic displacement caused by the Pohang earthquake was up to 1.6 cm of the westward horizontal motion and 0.5 cm of subsidence. However, little coseismic displacement was observed in the southernmost part of the port, where reclamation was completed last, and in the northern part of the oldest port. This represents that the weaker the consolidation of the reclaimed soil in the port, the more vulnerable it is to earthquakes, and that if the soil is very weakly consolidated due to ongoing reclamation, it would not be significantly affected by earthquakes. Summer subsidence and winter uplift of about 1 cm have been repeatedly observed every year in the entire area of Yeongilman Port, which is attributed to volume changes in the reclaimed soil due to temperature changes. The ground of the 1st and 2nd General Industrial Complexes adjacent to Yeongilman Port subsided during the observation period, and the rate of subsidence was faster in the 1st Industrial Complex. The 1st Industrial Complex was observed to have a westward horizontal displacement of 3 mm and a subsidence of 6 mm as the coseismic displacement of the Pohang earthquake, while the 2nd Industrial Complex was analyzed to have been little affected by the earthquake. The results of this study allowed us to identify the time-series displacement characteristics of Yeongilman Port and understand the impact of earthquakes on the stability of a port built by coastal reclamation.