• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.95-107
• /
• 2022

This paper introduces a novel, rigorous, and efficient probabilistic methodology for the performance-based optimal design (PBOD) of semi-active tuned mass damper (SATMD) for seismically excited nonlinear structures. The proposed methodology is consistent with the modern performance-based earthquake engineering framework and aims to design reliable control systems. To this end, an optimization problem has been defined which considers the parameters of control systems as design variables and minimization of the probability of exceeding a targeted structural performance level during the lifetime as an objective function with a constraint on the failure probability of stroke length damage state associated with mass damper mechanism. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is illustrated through a numerical example of performance analysis of an eight-story nonlinear shear building frame with hysteretic bilinear behavior. The SATMD with variable stiffness and damping have been designed separately with different mass ratios. Their performance has been compared with that of uncontrolled structure and the structure controlled with passive TMD in terms of probabilistic demand curves, response hazard curves, fragility curves, and exceedance probability of performance levels during the lifetime. Numerical results show the effectiveness, simplicity, and reliability of the proposed PBOD method in designing SATMD with variable stiffness and damping for the nonlinear frames where they have reduced the exceedance probability of the structure up to 49% and 44%, respectively.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.95-105
• /
• 2005

우리나라는 비교적 안정된 판 내부에 존재한다. 하지만, 1976년 안전지대로 평가된 중국 탕산지역의 대규모 지진이 발생한 것처럼 우리나라도 지진에 대해 안전한 지역이라고 단언할 수는 없다. 게다가, 지진학자들도 국내에서 중규모 이상의 지진발생 가능성이 높다고 지적하고 있다. 이러한, 지진은 자체를 예방할 수 없기 때문에 내진설계에 대한 연구와 지진재해 관리체계에 대한 연구가 전반적으로 이루어지고 있다. 그러나, 지진발생 시 초기 대응이나 수습과정에 대한 연구는 미비한 상태이며, 지진피해 평가시스템 구축을 위한 극소수의 연구가 진행되고 있는 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 국내실정을 고려한 지진피해 평가시스템 구축을 위한 기초자료를 제시함을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위하여 강남구 비내진 철근콘크리트 아파트를 표준형 건축물로 선정하여 지진피해를 예측하고, 취약도 함수의 도출과 층간변위에 따른 피해평가를 행하여 HAZUS 프로그램 취약도 함수 적용결과와 비교 분석한다.

• 국제강구조저널
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.1107-1124
• /
• 2018

The structural behavior of reinforced concrete coupled shear wall structures is greatly influenced by the behavior of their coupling beams. This paper presents a process of the seismic analysis of reinforced concrete coupled shear wall-frame system linked by hysteretic dampers at each floor. The hysteretic dampers are located at the middle portion of the linked beams which most of the inelastic damage would be concentrated. This study concerned particularly with wall-frame structures that do not twist. The proposed method, which is based on the energy equilibrium method, offers an important design method by the result of increasing energy dissipation capacity and reducing damage to the wall's base. The optimum distribution of yield shear force coefficients is to evenly distribute the damage at dampers over the structural height based on the cumulative plastic deformation ratio of the dissipation device. Nonlinear dynamic analysis indicates that, with a proper set of damping parameters, the wall's dynamic responses can be well controlled. Finally, based on the total plastic strain energy and its trend through the height of the buildings, a prediction equation is suggested.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.237-250
• /
• 2017

There has been increasing attention in many countries on seismic retrofit of old fashioned RC structures in recent years. In such buildings, the joints lack transverse reinforcement and suffer inadequate seismic dimensional requirements and the reinforcement is plain bar. The behavior of the joints is governed by sliding of steel bars and diagonal shear failure is less influential. Different methods to retrofit beam-column joints have been proposed in the literature such as wrapping the joint by FRP sheets, enlargement of the beam-column joint, and strengthening the joint by steel sheets. In this study, an enlargement technique that uses external prestressed cross ties with steel angles is examined. The technique has already been used for substructures reinforced by deformed bars and has advantages such as efficient enhancement of seismic capacity and lack of damage to the joint. Three reference specimens and two retrofitted units are tested under increasing lateral cyclic load in combination with two levels of axial load. The reference specimens showed relatively low shear strength of 0.150${\surd}$($f_c$) and 0.30${\surd}$($f_c$) for the exterior and interior joints, respectively. In addition, relatively brittle behavior was observed and large deformations extended into the panel zone of the joints. The retrofit method has increased ductility ratio of the interior beam-column joints by 63%, and energy dissipation capacity by 77%, relative to the control specimen; For external joints, these values were 11%, and 94%. The retrofit method has successfully relocated the plastic joints far from the column face. The retrofit method has improved shear strength of the joints by less than 10%.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.195-211
• /
• 2020

Among anti-seismic technologies, base isolation is a very effective means of mitigating damage to structural and nonstructural components, such as equipment. However, most seismic isolation systems are designed for mitigating only horizontal seismic responses because the realization of a vertical isolation system (VIS) is difficult. The difficulty is primarily due to conflicting isolation stiffness demands in the static and dynamic states for a VIS, which requires sufficient rigidity to support the self-weight of the isolated object in the static state, but sufficient flexibility to lengthen the isolation period and uncouple the ground motion in the dynamic state. To overcome this problem, a semi-active VIS, called the piezoelectric inertia-type vertical isolation system (PIVIS), is proposed in this study. PIVIS is composed of a piezoelectric friction damper (PFD) and a leverage mechanism with a counterweight. The counterweight provides an uplifting force in the static state and an extra inertial force in the dynamic state; therefore, the effective vertical stiffness of PIVIS is higher in the static state and lower in the dynamic state. The PFD provides a controllable friction force for PIVIS to further prevent its excessive displacement. For experimental verification, a shaking table test was conducted on a prototype PIVIS controlled by a simple controller. The experimental results well agree with the theoretical results. To further investigate the isolation performance of PIVIS, the seismic responses of PIVIS were simulated numerically by considering 14 vertical ground motions with different characteristics. The responses of PIVIS were compared with those of a traditional VIS and a passive system (PIVIS without control). The numerical results demonstrate that compared with the traditional and passive systems, PIVIS can effectively suppress isolation displacement in all kinds of earthquake with various peak ground accelerations and frequency content while maintaining its isolation efficiency. The proposed system is particularly effective for near-fault earthquakes with long-period components, for which it prevents resonant-like motion.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제43권4호
• /
• pp.413-420
• /
• 2023

지진피해 감소를 위한 내진 구조 중에서 제진 구조는 댐퍼의 간단한 적용으로 효율적으로 내진 성능을 향상시키고 경제성을 확보할 수 있는 기술이다. 그러나 기존의 댐퍼는 요구 내진 성능과 재료 소성으로 인한 내구성에 대하여 한계를 나타낸다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기본적으로 탄성 특성을 나타내는 폴리우레탄에 선행 압축을 가하고 초탄성 형상기억합금을 적용하여 복원 특성을 증진시킨 폴리우레탄 댐퍼를 제안하였다. 폴리우레탄 댐퍼의 특성을 검증하기 위하여 우선 개념을 정립하고 초탄성 형상기억합금과 강재 적용, 선행압축 크기를 설계 변수로 선정하여 설계 상세를 완성하였다. 또한, 구조 실험을 수행하여 응답 거동을 도출하여 하중 저항 성능, 잔류 변위, 회복률, 에너지 소산 능력을 분석하였다. 분석한 결과 폴리우레탄 댐퍼는 초탄성 형상기억합금 와이어를 적용하고 선행 압축이 증가하면 다양한 성능이 향상되는 결과를 나타냈다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.523-532
• /
• 2019

Different types of gas reservoir such as Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) are among the strategic infrastructures, and have great importance for any government or their private owners. To keep the tank and its contents safe during earthquakes especially if the contents are of hazardous or flammable materials; using seismic protection systems such as base isolator can be considered as an effective solution. However, the major deficiency of this system can be the large deformation in the isolation level which may lead to the failure of bearing system. In this paper, as a solution, the efficacy of an optimally designed combined vibration control system, the combined laminated rubber isolator and rotational friction damper, is investigated to evaluate the enhancement of an existing metal tank response under both far- and near-field earthquakes. Responses like impulsive and convective accelerations, base shear, and sloshing height are studied herein. The probabilistic framework is used to consider the uncertainties in the structural modeling, as well as record-to-record variability. Due to the high calculation cost of probabilistic methods, a simplified structural model is used. By using the Mont-Carlo simulation approach, it is revealed that this combined isolation system is a highly reliable system which provides considerable enhancement in the performance of reservoir, not only leads to the reduction of probability of catastrophic failure of the tank but also decrease the reservoir damage during the earthquake. Moreover, the relative displacement of the isolation level is controlled very well by this combined system.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.65-82
• /
• 2022

This paper presents a structural performance assessment of a historical masonry clock tower both using numerical and experimental process. The numerical assessment includes developing of finite element model with considering different types of soil-structure interaction systems, identifying the numerical dynamic characteristics, finite element model updating procedure, nonlinear time-history analysis and evaluation of seismic performance level. The experimental study involves determining experimental dynamic characteristics using operational modal analysis test method. Through the numerical and experimental processes, the current structural behavior of the masonry clock tower was evaluated. The first five experimental natural frequencies were obtained within 1.479-9.991 Hz. Maximum difference between numerical and experimental natural frequencies, obtained as 20.26%, was reduced to 4.90% by means of the use of updating procedure. According to the results of the nonlinear time-history analysis, maximum displacement was calculated as 0.213 m. The maximum and minimum principal stresses were calculated as 0.20 MPa and 1.40 MPa. In terms of displacement control, the clock tower showed only controlled damage level during the applied earthquake record.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.81-90
• /
• 2023

The maximum drifts are important to the seismic evaluation of steel buildings and connections, but the information can hardly be obtained from the post-earthquake field investigation. This research studies the feasibility of using the loss rate of bolt pretension as an earthquake damage predictor. Full-scale tests were made on four steel connections using bolted-web-welded-flange details. One connection was unreinforced (UN), another was reinforced with double shear plates (DS), and the other two used reduced beam sections (RBS). The preinstalled strain gauges were used to control the pretensions and monitor the losses of the high-strength bolts. The results showed that the loss rate of bolt pretension was highly related to the damage of the connections. The pretensions lost up to 10% in all the connections at the yield drifts of 0.5% to 1%. After yielding of the connections, the pretensions lost significantly until fracture occurred. The UN and DS connections failed with a maximum drift of 4 %, and the two RBS connections showed better ductility and failed with a maximum drift of 6%. Under the far-field-type loading protocol, the loss rate grew to 60%. On the contrary, the rate for the specimen under near-fault-type loading protocol was about 40%. The loss rate of bolt pretension is therefore recommended to use as an earthquake damage predictor. Additionally, the 10% and 40% loss rates are recommended to predict the limit states of connection yielding and maximum strength, respectively, and to define the performance levels of serviceability and life-safety for the buildings.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.289-298
• /
• 2016

휨강도 및 연성이 부족한 철근콘크리트 원형 기둥의 섬유를 사용한 내진보강에 대하여 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 일정한 축력을 받는 4개 기둥의 횡 방향 유사동적 실험에서 변수는 GF, PET 및 PET+GF 혼합 보강(HF) 등 섬유의 종류이었다. 이 연구에 적용한 PET는 인장강도(600 MPa 이상)가 우수하고 고연성(약 15%)이나, 탄성계수가 GF의 1/6 수준으로 매우 낮다. 기둥 실험 결과, 모든 보강 기둥은 컨트롤 기둥보다 7~20% 증가한 휨강도를 보였고, 연성은 1.6~1.8배로 증가하였다. 무보강 기둥은 주근 좌굴, GF 및 HF 보강 기둥의 최종 파괴모드는 GF 파단이었으나, 고연성 PET는 극한단계에서도 파단이 발생하지 않았다. PET는 휨강도 및 연성 증진 측면에서 RC 부재의 보강용으로 적합하다고 사료되나, 탄성계수가 낮으므로 많은 양을 사용하여야 하는 단점이 있으므로 이 연구에서 PET는 GF에 비해 인장 강성비 20% 수준으로 사용하였다. 한편 PET의 내구성에 대하여는 현재 연구가 진행 중에 있다.