• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2022.11a
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• pp.369-370
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• 2022

최근 자율 운항 선박에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 특히, MUNIN (Maritime Unmanned Navigation through Intelligence in Networks) 프로젝트를 계기로 자율 운항 선박에 대한 개발과 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 또한 국제해사기구 IMO는 자율 운항 선박 시대에 대응하기 위해 자율 선박을 MASS (Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship)라 정의하고 선박 자율화 정도에 따라 4단계 등급을 제시하고 있다. 완전한 자율 운항 선박에 대한 요구조건을 만족하기 위해서는 항로 결정과 제어기술이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 여러 가지 기술 중 선박의 최적경로를 생성하는 기법을 다룬다. 기존에 최적항로를 생성하기 위한 방법으로는 A^*, Dijkstra와 같은 알고리즘들이 주로 사용되었다. 그러나 이와 같은 알고리즘은 섬이나 육지에 대한 충돌 회피는 고려하고 있지만 수심 및 연안 선박에 대한 규정들은 고려하지 않고 있어 실제로 적용하기에는 한계점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 안전을 위해 선박의 선저 여유 수심과, 해도에 규정되어 있는 선박 운항에 대한 여러 규정들을 반영하여 최적 항로를 생성하고자 한다. 최적 항로를 생성하기 위한 알고리즘으로는 강화학습 기반의 Q-learning 알고리즘을 적용하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.20 no.spc1
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• pp.12-29
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to identify the social issues discussed in Korea regarding Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), the most advanced ICT field in the shipbuilding industry, and to suggest policy implications. In recent years, it has become important to reflect social issues of public interest in the policymaking process. For this reason, an increasing number of studies use media data and social media to identify public opinion. In this study, we collected 2,843 domestic media articles related to MASS from 2017 to 2022, when MASS was officially discussed at the International Maritime Organization, and analyzed them using text mining techniques. Through term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) analysis, major keywords such as 'shipbuilding,' 'shipping,' 'US,' and 'HD Hyundai' were derived. For LDA topic modeling, we selected eight topics with the highest coherence score (-2.2) and analyzed the main news for each topic. According to the combined analysis of five years, the topics '1. Technology integration of the shipbuilding industry' and '3. Shipping industry in the post-COVID-19 era' received the most media attention, each accounting for 16%. Conversely, the topic '5. MASS pilotage areas' received the least media attention, accounting for 8 percent. Based on the results of the study, the implications for policy, society, and international security are as follows. First, from a policy perspective, the government should consider the current situation of each industry sector and introduce MASS in stages and carefully, as they will affect the shipbuilding, port, and shipping industries, and a radical introduction may cause various adverse effects. Second, from a social perspective, while the positive aspects of MASS are often reported, there are also negative issues such as cybersecurity issues and the loss of seafarer jobs, which require institutional development and strategic commercialization timing. Third, from a security perspective, MASS are expected to change the paradigm of future maritime warfare, and South Korea is promoting the construction of a maritime unmanned system-based power, but it emphasizes the need for a clear plan and military leadership to secure and develop the technology. This study has academic and policy implications by shedding light on the multidimensional political and social issues of MASS through news data analysis, and suggesting implications from national, regional, strategic, and security perspectives beyond legal and institutional discussions.

• Strategy21
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• s.46
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• pp.239-276
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• 2020

The failure of early economic sanctions aimed at hurting the overall economies of targeted states called for a more sophisticated design of economic sanctions. This paved way for the advent of 'smart sanctions,' which target the supporters of the regime instead of the public mass. Despite controversies over the effectiveness of economic sanctions as a coercive tool to change the behavior of a targeted state, the transformation from 'comprehensive sanctions' to 'smart sanctions' is gaining the status of a legitimate method to impose punishment on states that do not conform to international norms, the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction in this particular context of the paper. The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council proved that it can come to an accord on imposing economic sanctions over adopting resolutions on waging military war with targeted states. The North Korean nuclear issue has been the biggest security threat to countries in the region, even for China out of fear that further developments of nuclear weapons in North Korea might lead to a 'domino-effect,' leading to nuclear proliferation in the Northeast Asia region. Economic sanctions had been adopted by the UNSC as early as 2006 after the first North Korean nuclear test and has continually strengthened sanctions measures at each stage of North Korean weapons development. While dubious of the effectiveness of early sanctions on North Korea, recent sanctions that limit North Korea's exports of coal and imports of oil seem to have an impact on the regime, inducing Kim Jong-un to commit to peaceful talks since 2018. The purpose of this paper is to add a variable to the factors determining the success of economic sanctions on North Korea: preventing North Korea's evasion efforts by conducting illegal transshipments at sea. I first analyze the cause of recent success in the economic sanctions that led Kim Jong-un to engage in talks and add the maritime element to the argument. There are three conditions for the success of the sanctions regime, and they are: (1) smart sanctions, targeting commodities and support groups (elites) vital to regime survival., (2) China's faithful participation in the sanctions regime, and finally, (3) preventing North Korea's maritime evasion efforts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2020

Accident prevention is more important than follow-up, which is based on Heinrich's law. The marine incident system is a very meaningful system that can prevent similar accidents, and was introduced in 2010 in Korea in accordance with the enforcement of the Code for the Investigation of Marine Casualties and Incidents (CI Code). Based on the CI Code, ship owners or ship operators are required to notify the Central Chief Inspector using the designated notification form in the event of a marine incident, but the number of voluntary notifications is still small. In this regard, this study intends to provide a direction for improvement by conducting an in-depth analysis focusing on the lack of notification procedures and forms of the marine incident system. To this end, we analyzed related regulations, cases of excellent overseas shipping countries such as the United Kingdom and Singapore, cases of similar domestic transportation systems such as aviation and railways, and marine incident notification procedures and forms of leading shipping companies. Major improvements in the notification process include the transition of the marine incidents to voluntary reporting, the expansion of the reporting subjects, and the identification of the security of the informer's identity. The main contents of the notification form revision include the use of the term "reporting" instead of "notification," the content of the identity guarantee in the notification form, and the increase in statistical value through the expansion of optional entries.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.463-467
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• 2015

When unforeseen accidents occur in a ship, it is important to save passengers safely and remove them from the accident area quickly. To solve such a situation, site information of passengers on board always must be identified. This paper implemented a site monitoring of crews and passengers based on the BLE and PLM combination, to prepare for unexpected accidents of the ships. This system was composed of BLE tag for crews, passengers and each room, PLM networks, data server, and monitoring PC. In this system, site information derived from the tag attached to the bodies and cabins of crews and passengers are transmitted through a power line network, and monitored on the screen of a monitoring PC. The proposed system guides them into the only authorized area considering the ship security and passengers' safety, and even has a special alarm call to warn them after entering an unauthorized area. This system enables the BLE-embedded tag battery to use for a long time because the BLE consumes low electric power, and can gain an economic advantage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.295-300
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• 2010

The international convention on standards of training, certification and watch-keeping for seafarers, 1978(1978 STCW convention) has been established as a minimum standard and competence of seafarers, and contributed to reduce marine accidents caused by human errors. The convention has been partly amended several times according to environmental change of ship's operation and there were comprehensive revisions in so called 1995 amended STCW convention. In these years, ships are in tendency of increasing size and speed, and also adopted high technologies. These kinds of changes brought STW sub-committee up for discussions to modify the convention to cope with new environments from the year of 2006. As the result, major amendaments to STCW convention have been adopted at a diplomatic conference in Manila, Philippine in June 2010, thereby new global standards will be in force to train and certify seafarers to operate technologically advanced ships before long. This paper is to introduce major amendaments such as ship's security, ECDIS and leadership etc. in this Manila amendments and to clarify some articles to be adopted in programs for education and training of seafarers in Korea.

• Strategy21
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• s.31
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• pp.57-84
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• 2013

North Korea's continuous threats and provocative behaviors have aggravated tension on the Korean peninsula particularly with the recent nuclear weapons test. South Korea's best way to cope with this situation is to maintain the balance among three policy directions: dialogue, sanctions, and deterrence. Among the three, I argue that deterrence should be prioritized. There are different sources of deterrence such as military power, economic power, and diplomatic clouts. States can build deterrence capability independently. Alternatively, they may do so through relations with other states including alliances, bilateral relations, or multilateral relations in the international community. What South Korea needs most urgently is to maintain deterrence against North Korea's local provocations through the enhancement of independent military capability particularly by addressing the asymmetric vulnerability between militaries of the South and the North. Most of all, the South Korean government should recognize the seriousness of the negative consequences that North Korea's 'Nuclear shadow strategy' would bring about for the inter-Korea relations and security situations in Northeast Asia. Based on this understanding, it should develop an 'assertive deterrence strategy' that emphasizes 'multi-purpose, multi-stage, and tailored deterrence whose main idea lies in punitive retaliation.' This deterrence strategy requires a flexible targeting policy and a variety of retaliatory measures capable of taking out all targets in North Korea. At the same time, the force structures of the army, the air force, and the navy should be improved in a way that maximizes their deterrence capability. For example, the army should work on expanding the guided missile command and the special forces command and reforming the reserve forces. The navy and the air force should increase striking capabilities including air-to-ground, ship-to-ground, and submarine-to-ground strikes to a great extent. The marine corps can enhance its deterrence capability by changing the force structure from the stationary defense-oriented one that would have to suffer some degree of troop attrition at the early stage of hostilities to the one that focuses on 'counteroffensive landing operations.' The government should continue efforts for defense reform in order to obtain these capabilities while building the 'Korean-style triad system' that consists of advanced air, ground, and surface/ subsurface weapon systems. Besides these measures, South Korea should start to acquire a minimum level of nuclear potential within the legal boundary that the international law defines. For this, South Korea should withdraw from the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty. Moreover, it should obtain the right to process and enrich uranium through changing the U.S.-South Korea nuclear cooperation treaty. Whether or not we should be armed with nuclear weapons should not be understood in terms of "all or nothing." We should consider an 'in-between' option as the Japanese case proves. With regard to the wartime OPCON transition, we need to re-consider the timing of the transition as an effort to demonstrate the costliness of North Korea's provocative behaviors. If impossible, South Korea should take measures to make the Strategic Alliance 2015 serve as a persisting deterrence system against North Korea. As the last point, all the following governments of South Korea should keep in mind that continuing reconciliatory efforts should always be pursued along with other security policies toward North Korea.

• Strategy21
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• s.34
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• pp.128-148
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• 2014

In south Korea, the so-called 'conservative-liberal' rivalry over the assessment of the government's North Korean policies is seen to be impeding the road to right policy choices. For example, the liberals accused former President Lee Myung-bak's hardline policy of provoking Pyongyang and leading to a deterioration of inter-Korean relations, while the conservatives appreciated it for helping nurture mutually beneficial inter-Korean relations in the longer term by compelling North Korea to observe international norms. However, such debate over the vices and virtues of Seoul's North Korea policies is hardly meaningful as the measuring sticks used by the liberals and the conservatives are entirely different matters. The two major goals South Korea must pursue with its North Korean policies should be 'peaceful management of division' and 'change in North Korea'. The former is related to maintaining stability within South Korea and promoting co-prosperity with North Korea. For this, the nation needs to engage, encompass and assist the Pyongyang regime. The second goal is also necessary since South Korea, as a divided nation, must seek a unified Korea under the system of democracy and market economies by bringing change in North Korea. For this, South Korea needs powerful leverages with which it can persuade and coerce the North. This means that the nation is destined to simultaneously chase the above-mentioned two goals, while also both recognizing and negating the legitimacy of the North Korean regime. This situation necessitates Seoul to apply flexibility in reconciling with Pyongyang while applying firm principles to sever the vicious circle involving the North's military provocations. The May 25 Measures, which banned trade and economic cooperation with the North except those related to humanitarian assistance, were taken as sanctions against Pyongyang for sinking the South Korean corvette Chonan in March 2010. The Measures were taken by the Seoul government immediately after a multinational investigation team discovered evidence confirming that the South Korean naval ship had been torpedoed by a midget North Korean submarine. Naturally, the May 24 Measures have since then become a major stumbling block in inter-Korean exchange, prompting opposition politicians and concerned entrepreneurs to demand Seoul to unilaterally lift the Measures. Given the significant damages the Measures have inflicted on inter-Korean economic relations, removing them remains as homework for both Koreas. However, the Measures pertains to the 'principles on national security' the Seoul government must adhere to under all circumstances. This is why North Korea's apology and promises not to repeat similar provocations must come first. For now, South Korea has no alternative but to let North Korea solve the problems it has created. South Korea's role is to help the North do so.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 2011

FCAW(Flux Cored Arc Welding) is a widely used welding method in shipbuilding. It also conducts WPS(Welding Procedure Specification) requested by the classification variations of the factors which affect the quality on the welded area such as thickness of base metal, type of welding wire and shielding gas etc. which has to be satisfied. CO2 is commonly used as a shielding gas for FCAW due to the economic point of view. The amount of shielding gas is stated when classification certify WPS. However, the shielding gas is unnecessarily used at the shipyard leaning only on the welder's experience as there are classification standards for using the shielding gas. It causes production cost to rise. Also recently, CO2 is a main contributor for global warming, and large amounts of CO2 are discharged into the atmosphere during shipbuilding processes without any filtration. Therefore it was confirmed by the security of the welded area as a result of conducting the destructive and non-destructive tests with setting up the factors and the standards by using the Taguchi method. Then the FCAW shielding gas's amounts were calculated precisely when assembling a ship. It will be applied to cost reduction and prevention of environmental pollution at the shipyard.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.411-418
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• 2018

This paper introduces a new method of ice load generation in the time domain for the station-keeping performance evaluation of Arctic offshore structures. This method is based on the ice load spectrum and mean ice load. Recently, there has been increasing interest in Arctic offshore technology for the exploration and exploitation of the Arctic region because of the better accessibility to the Arctic ocean provided by the global warming effect. It is essential to consider the ice load during the development of an Arctic offshore structure. In particular, when designing a station-keeping system for an Arctic offshore structure, a consideration of the ice load acting on the vessel in the time domain is essential to ensure its safety and security. Several methods have been developed to consider the ice load in the time domain. However, most of the developed methods are computationally heavy because they consider every ice floe in the sea ice field to calculate the ice load acting on the vessel. In this study, a new approach to generate the ice load in the time domain with computational efficiency was suggested, and its feasibility was examined. The ice load spectrum and mean ice load were acquired from a numerical analysis with GPU-event mechanics (GEM) software, and the ice load with the varying heading of a vessel was reconstructed to show the feasibility of the proposed method.