• Applied Microscopy
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.14-24
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• 1986

The interrelation of secondary defects, intermediate S' phase and aging condition in Al-2.0 wt% Cu-1.1 wt% Mg alloy is studied by transmission electron microscope. The results obtained in this study are as follows. 1. High density of dislocation loops, helices and stacking faults are observed in this specimen with aging treatment. 2. The number of dislocation loops and the width of loop free zone (LFZ) are increased with aging time. 3. The intermediate S' phase precipitates and grows on the dislocations and secondary defects. 4. The misfit dislocations are formed around intermediate S' phase. 5. It is thought that the helices appear to be produced by the climb of screw dislocations, while the dislocation loops appear to be formed both by condensation of vacancies into collapsed discs and by interaction of helices with screw of opposite sign.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.103-110
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• 2000

A two phase compound jet, which mixes pulverized solid particles with the air in the test section, is experimentally analyzed in this study. Two phase flow is jetted 10 degree upward in the primary jet, while the secondary jet utilizes the air only. The height difference between the primary and secondary central axises is 32.5mm. The velocity vector field, concentration field, and turbulent properties of solid particles are measured by using 3-Dimensional Particles Dynamics Analyzer. When the jet angle of the secondary jet goes into effect, the solid particle recirculation zone becomes larger. Also, solid particle concentration becomes more dense due to a velocity decrement of particles.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.16-22
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• 2002

Combustion performance of an internally cycloned circulating fluidized bed for paper sludge was discussed through a series of batch type experiments. Operation parameters such as water content, feeding mass of sludge and secondary air injection rate were varied to find out the effect on the combustion performance, which was examined with carbon conversion rate and pollutant emission such as CO and NOx. A conventional solid fuel reaction was observed in the experiments of varying water content and feeding mass of the sludge, which is characterized with kinetic limited reaction zone, diffusion limited reaction zone and transition zone. Secondary air injection with swirl enhances the mixing of the gas phase as well as the solid phase, and improves combustion efficiency accompanied with higher carbon conversion rate and lower pollutant emission rate.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.606-619
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• 2006

In this paper we investigated the types of the explanatory consistency of preservice secondary teachers in explaining the lunar phase. The explanatory consistencies were proposed into four discrete mental models depending on their attributes. The four types based on the explanatory consistency by the preservice secondary teachers' explanations are as follows: ad hoc expansion, competitive theory addition, transition of unexplainable each, and transition using in context of several situations.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.344-353
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• 2015

In the present study the characteristics of turbulent oscillatory flows in a square-sectional $180^{\circ}$curved duct were investigated experimentally. A series of experiments for air flow were conducted to measure axial velocity profiles, secondary flow velocity profiles and pressure distributions. The measurements were made by a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) system with a data acquisition and processing system which includes Rotating Machinery Resolve (RMR) and PHASE software. The results from the experiment are summarized as follows. (1) The maximum velocity moved toward the outer wall from the region of a bend angle of $30^{\circ}$. The velocity distribution had a positive value extended over the total phase in the region of a bend angle of $150^{\circ}$. (2) Secondary flows were generally proportional to the velocity of the main flow. The intensity of the secondary flow was about 25% as much as that in the axial direction. (3) Pressure distributions were effects of the oscillatory Dean number and respective region.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2001.07a
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• pp.458-460
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• 2001

This paper described the unbalanced voltage on the tertiary bus of a single Phase auto transformer in the case of parallel operation with different manufacturer at each Phase. The unbalanced capacitances between primary to secondary winding, secondary to tertiary winding and primary to tertiary winding makes unbalanced bus voltage in the tertiary bus side. The unbalanced voltage let the surge arrester to operate in the power frequency range, and it causes the arrester to burn out. The failure of the arrester at one phase makes line to ground fault, which lead to the surge arrester failure of the other two phase on the tertiary bus.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2021

Modernized GNSS signal structures tend to use tiered codes, and all GNSSs use binary codes as secondary codes. However, recently, signals using polyphase codes such as Zadoff-Chu sequence have been proposed, and are expected to be utilized in GNSS. For example, there is Tiered Differential Polyphase Code (TDPC) using polyphase code as secondary code. In TDPC, the phase of secondary code changes every one period of the primary code and a time-variant error is added to the carrier tracking error, so carrier tracking ambiguity exists until the secondary code phase is found. Since the carrier tracking ambiguity cannot be solved using the general GNSS receiver architecture, a new receiver architecture is required. Therefore, in this paper, we describe the carrier tracking ambiguity and its cause in signal tracking, and propose a receiver structure that can solve it. In order to prove the proposed receiver structure, we provide three signal tracking results. The first is the differential decoding result (secondary code sync) using the general GNSS receiver structure and the proposed receiver structure. The second is the IQ diagram before and after multiplying the secondary code demodulation when carrier tracking ambiguity is solved using the proposed receiver structure. The third is the carrier tracking result of the legacy GPS (L1 C/A) signal and the signal using TDPC.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1246-1250
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• 2005

We have evaluated the hydroxyl group-solvent specific interactions by using a Lichrosorb RP18 stationary phase and by measuring the retention data of carefully selected solutes in 50/50, 60/40, 70/30, 80/20, and 90/10(v/v%) methanol/water eluents at 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 ${^{\circ}C}$. The selected solutes are 3 positional isomers of phenylpropanol, that is, 1-phenyl-1-propanol, 1-phenyl-2-propanol, and 3-phenyl-1-propanol. There exist clear discrepancies in ${\Delta}H^o$ (solute transfer enthalpy from the mobile to the stationary phase) and $T{\Delta}S^o$ (solute transfer entropy) among positional isomers. The difference in ${\Delta}H^o$ and $T{\Delta}S^o$ between secondary alcohols (1-phenyl-1-propanol and 1-phenyl-2-propanol)is negligible compared to the difference between the primary alcohol (1-phenyl-3-propanol) and secondary alcohols. The $T{\Delta}S^o$ values of 3-phenyl-1-propanol are close to those of butylbenzene while the $T{\Delta}S^o$ values of secondary alcohols are close to those of propylbenzene. The difference in ${\Delta}{\Delta}H^o$ (specific solute-mobile phase interaction enthalpy) between the primary alcohol and the secondary alcohol decreases with increase of methanol content in the mobile phase. A unique observation is an extremum for 1-phenyl-3-propanol in the plot of $T{\Delta}{\Delta}S^o$ vs. methanol volume %. The positive sign of $T{\Delta}{\Delta}S^o$ of 3-phenyl-1-propanol implies that the entropy of 3-phenyl-1-propanol is greater than that of the hypothetical alkylbenzene (the same size and shape as phenylpropanol) in the mobile phase.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.522-525
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• 2009

We investigated the fault current characteristics of the separates three-phase flux-lock type superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL) according to the variation of inductances. The single-phase flux-lock type SFCL consists of two coils. The primary coil is wound in parallel to the secondary coil on an iron core. And superconductor is series connected on secondary coil. Superconductor is using the YBCO coated conductor. The separated three-phase flux-lock type SFCL consists of single-phase flux-phase type SFCL in each phase. To analyze the current limiting characteristics of a three-phase flux-lock type SFCL, the short circuit experiments were carried out fault such as the triple line-to-ground fault. The experimental result shows that fault current limiting characteristics of additive polarity winding was better than subtractive polarity winding and when the inductances of coil 2 was lower, resistances of YBCO CC was more generated.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.203-214
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• 2017

In this study we present the reaction mechanism of $Cu_2ZnSnSe_4$ (CZTSe) nanoparticles synthesized by microwave-assisted chemical synthesis. We performed reactions every 10 minutes in order to identify different phases during quaternary CZTSe formation. The powder samples were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that in the first minutes copper phases are predominant, then copper and tin secondary phases react to form ternary phase. The quaternary phase is formed at 50 minutes while ternary and secondary phases are consumed. At 60 minutes pure quaternary CZTSe phase is present. After 60 minutes the quaternary phase decomposes in the previous ternary and secondary phases, which indicates that 60 minutes is ideal reaction time. The EDS analysis of pure quaternary nanocrystals (CZTSe) showed stoichiometric relations similar to the reported research in the literature, which falls in the range of Cu/(Zn+Sn): 0.8-1.0, Zn/Sn: 1.0-1.20. In conclusion, the evolution pathway of CZTSe synthesized by this novel method is similar to other synthesis methods reported before. Nanoparticles synthesized in this study present desirable properties in order to use them in solar cell and photoelectrochemical cell applications.