• Journal of the Korean Burn Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.12-15
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• 2016

Purpose: Firefighters are vulnerable to burn injury during firefighting. In extensive fires, conducted heat and radiant heat can cause burn injury even though firefighters are not directly exposed to fire. There has been increasing interest in the health problems of firefighters considerably since Hongje-dong fire of 2001, which claimed the lives of six fireman. However, there have been no studies done on the characteristics of firefighter burn injuries in South Korea. Therefore, we investigated the characteristics of firefighter burn injuries in a burn center. Methods: A retrospective, single-center research was performed between Jan 2006 to Dec 2015. 24 firefighters came to the burn center. The electronic medical records of patients were reviewed. Results: Flame burns (87.5%) were the major cause of burn in firefighter. All the patients suffered second-degree or third-degree burns. Mean burn size was 6.1±6.7%. 22 of 24 patients were hospitalized and 2 of 22 hospitalized patients admitted to intensive care unit. Mean length of hospitalization was 29.1±23.7 days and mean length of intensive care unit hospitalization was 6.0±1.4 days. The face was the site most commonly burned, representing 25.8% of injuries. The hand/wrist, upper extremity, and neck were the next largest groups, with 19.4, 12.9, 11.3% of the injuries, respectively. Conclusion: Firefighter burn injuries occur to predictable anatomic sites with common injury patterns. The burn size was small but, admitted patients need about 30 days of hospitalization.

• Journal of the Korean Burn Society
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 2021

Purpose: Frostbite is a hazard to people exposed to cold environments. With the progression of modern industrial development and change of leisure behavior encountering cold environments, frequent accidental exposure to frostbite injury during work and human behavior is increasing, and the predisposing factors of frostbite were greatly changed than before. The purpose of this study was to make epidemiological analysis, and to review the treatment outcomes of frostbite. Methods: From March 2010 to February 2021, this study has included 27 patients with second- to third-degree frostbite injuries in Advanced Burn Reconstruction Center, Bundang Jesaeng Hosptial. A retrospective study was made about the distribution of age, gender, predisposing factors, prevalent area, type of managements, and the length of treatment period. Results: In our institution, acute management of frostbite patients has included rewarming, anticoagulation therapy (acetylsalicylic acid), and agents to improve vascular perfusion (lipo-prostaglandin E1 [Eglandin^®]). The 25 frostbite patients with second-degree frostbite (92.6%) were successfully managed by the conservative treatment alone with a mean of 20.3 days healing time. Two patients with third-degree frostbite (7.4%) also showed good outcomes after surgical reconstruction with a mean of 59 days healing time. In our clinical experiences of third-degree frostbite, definitive surgical reconstruction should be recommended to wait for more than 4~6 weeks for identification of clear demarcation of necrotic tissue caused by frostbite. In this study, 43 frostbite injuries site in 27 frostbite patients occurred. Among them, 15 patients (55.6%) had multiple-site frostbite injury. The most common predisposing cause of frostbite was refrigerant gas accidents (44.4%), followed by outdoor activity in cold environments (40.8%), misapplying ice pack for treatment purposes (7.4%), barefoot walking on the cold ground (3.7%), and loss of consciousness in cold grounds (3.7%). The most prevalent sites of frostbite injuries revealed as the hand (58.1%), followed by the foot (32.6%), face (7.0%), and abdomen (2.3%). And in the winter season from the November to March, the incidence rate of frostbite injuries was high at 74.1%. Conclusion: This study included 27 frostbite patients with 43 frostbite sites since last decade in a single institution at the community hospital. The frostbite patients with second-degree frostbite (92.6%) were successfully healed by the conservative treatment alone with a mean of 20.3 days healing time. The most common predisposing cause of frostbite was refrigerant gas accidents (44.4%), followed by outdoor activity in cold environments, etc. The most prevalent site of frostbite injuries was the hand (58.1%). And the most prevalent seasonal incidence of frostbite was from November to March (74.1%).

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.1-24
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to find the factors affecting the bum out syndrome and its degree in terms of personal, organizational and clients characteristics, and then to find the ways to reduce or eliminate those factors. The 228 doctors and the nurses who worked at the emergency departments in 6 general hospitals with more than 700 beds in Seoul were surveyed from April 15, 2002 for 15 days. A structured self-recording questionnaire was used; the t-test and ANOVA was used to analyse the median difference between the occupation, and multiple regression was employed to find the factors affecting the bum-out syndrome. The summary of this research analysis is as follows : First, of several variables, the highest frequency of the burn-out was the emotional burn-out followed by lack in personal touch toward the patients, decrease in sense of personal achievement. These results indicate that the doctors and nurses in emergency departments experience higher degree of burn-out than the social workers and the nurses who work at other departments in heath care environment as other studies revealed. Second, the analysis of the total burn-out factors showed the lower self respect, younger age, heavier work load, higher dissatisfaction rate toward remuneration and not-so-smooth relationship with the patients and their relatives the higher burn out rate. These variables explained 54% of the total variables. Third, the nurses experienced more burn-out syndrome than the doctors. The degree of self-respect, work pattern, relationship with the clients, age and remuneration were the causes of the burn-out. The doctors recorded lack in personal touch toward the patients more, while the nurses more to emotional exhaustion. The limitations of this research are the subjective answers of the respondents to certain questions and differences in sample numbers of each hospital in which some reservation can be exercised in explaining statistical significance of the data, and generalizing the conclusion. Despite of its limitation, this research has its own merit as an unpreceded research in this field, and provision of the basic materials to prevent and find causes of the burn-out syndrome among the doctors and nurses in the emergency departments.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.43-48
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• 2009

The energetic and environmental problems have been getting serious after the revolution of modern industry. Therefore, demand of gas as an eco-friendly energy source is increasing. With the demand of gas, the use of gas is also increased, so injury and loss of life by the fire have been increasing every year. Hence the influence on flame caused by Vapor Cloud Explosion in enclosure of experimental booth was calculated by using the API regulations. And the accident damage was estimated by applying the influence on the adjacent structures and people into the PROBIT model. According to the probit analysis, the spot which is 5meter away from the flame has nearly 100% of the damage probability by the first-degree burn, 27.8% of the damage probability by the second-degree burn and 14.5% of the death probability by the fire.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2024

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of occupational therapists' professional identity and examine the correlation between empowerment and burn out. We also investigated the effects of the occupational therapists' professional identity on empowerment and burn out. Through these assessments, we aimed to highlight the importance of professional identity and find methods to improve empowerment and reduce burn out in occupational therapists. Methods : The study was conducted from October 19 to from November 11, 2023. General characteristics, professional identity, empowerment, and burn out were examined using frequency analysis and descriptive statistics. The correlation between these factors was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing empowerment and burn out. An α value =.05 was used to verify statistical significance. Results : First, Professional identity was an average 3.24±.37. Second, a significant correlation was found between professional identity and empowerment (r=.417, p<.01) and burn out (r=-.377, p<.01). As a result of the relationship between professional identity sub-factors and empowerment in professional organization (r=.270, p<.01),, belief in self-regulation (r=.258, p<.01), vocational consciousness (r=.348, p<.01), and belief in autonomy (r=.308, p<.01) showed a statistically significant correlation. Professional identity sub-factors were significantly correlated with burnout, professional organization (r=-.199, p<.05), belief in public service (r=-.153, p<.05), belief in self-regulation (r=-.334, p<.01), vocational consciousness (r=-.250, p<.01), and belief in autonomy (r=-.293, p<.01) showed a significant correlation. Third, professional identity sub-factors influencing empowerment were vocational consciousness (β=.154, p<.05) and belief in autonomy (β=.135, p<.05), and those influencing burnout were belief in self-regulation (β=-.389, p<.01) and belief in autonomy (β=-.244, p<.01). Conclusion : The study findings demonstrated that professional identity affects empowerment and burn out. Therefore, continuous study on the professional identity of occupational therapists is warranted.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.83-95
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to examine intensity of pain and anxiety of burn patients. This study selected 99 adult patients of 18 years old or older who have been hospitalized and treated for a second-degree burn at the surgery ward or burn ward of 3 university hospitals which are located in 2 metropolitan cities, and a university hospital in Seoul Special City from July 1 to October 20, 2000. This study used STAI(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) developed by Spielberger, and translated by Kim, Jung Taek and Shin, Dong Kyun to examine the degree of anxiety and VAS to examine the pain. This study was carried out by interview and using SPSS 9.0 statistical program. Results were as follows : 1) As for general characteristics of the subjects, they were mostly male. 30s-40s, married, and high school graduates. 2) Forty-seven patients were burned by fire and $49.6\%$ of the patients had burn 10 to $20\%$ of BSA. seventy-nine percents of patients received one dressing change a day and $74.3\%$ received medication once or twice a day. 3) As for intensity of anxiety and pain. the mean intensity of pain was 6.41. The intensity of trait anxiety and the state anxiety were 39.76. and 51.81. 4) Subject's age was significantly different in their pain intensity and other variables were insignificant. Correlations between trait-anxiety and state-anxiety(r=.286, p=.004), and state-anxiety and VAS(r=.294, p=.003) showed weak correlation. There wasn't statistically any significance in trait- anxiety and VAS(r=.183, p=.070).

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.180-184
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• 2018

Breast deformity, in post-burn patients, is a common problem leading to lower self-esteem and reclusive behavior that impairs quality of life. The authors present the course of treatment of an 18-year-old immigrant girl who suffered second- to third-degree burns over approximately 20% of her total body surface area in her early childhood. The second- to third-degree burns were located on her right trunk and abdomen, as well as her right shoulder, neck, and right groin area. Since it was not offered in her home country, reconstructive surgery, including microsurgical breast reconstruction, was sought abroad. Due to the lack of available skin and soft tissue, a bilateral breast reconstruction with free transverse myocutaneous gracilis flaps was offered. This case illustrates one method of using microsurgery to address post-burn breast deformities in order to alleviate psychological suffering and improve quality of life.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.275-285
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing on the burden on the family caregivers of patient with more than second degree burn. The participants of this study were 120 family caregivers sampled for convenience from 4 Burn hospitals in D, S, B, P cities in South Korea. Data analysis was performed by t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe' test, Multiple linear regression. According to the result, the burden of assess & mean of care and the future of the patient was the highest score for family caregivers. Factors that affect the burden of family caregiver with burn patients were marital status, time, care, skin transplants, body surface area (%) and these factors explained 25.9%. This study concludes that intervention program is developed to reduce physical and emotional burden and nursing care services is required to adjust the amount time to care for the family caregivers with burn patients for a long time.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.11-21
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• 2022

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to identify the degree of occupational therapist's professional ethics and to examine the correlation between professional ethics, job stress, and burnout. It also investigates the effects of the occupational therapist's professional ethics on job stress, and burn out, so that we can find a way to reduce them in occupational therapists. Methods : We conducted surveys from June 1 to July 5, 2022. The general characteristics were examined using a frequency analysis. Professional ethics, job stress, and burn out were examined using descriptive statistics. The correlation among them was analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient. To find out what factors affect job stress and burn out, we also conducted a multiple regression analysis. Results : First, professional ethics was averaged at 3.57±.34. Second, a significant negative correlation in professional ethics was found between job stress and burn out (p<.01). As a result of the correlation between occupational ethics sub-factors and job stress and burnout, factors excluding nonleisure and self-reliance showed a statistically significant correlation (p<.01, p<.05). Third, professional ethics sub-factor was affected job stress and burn out (p<.01, p<.05). The sub-factors affecting job stress were hard work (𝛽=.-461, p<.01), delay of gratification (𝛽=.-267, p<.01), and relation with coworker (𝛽=.-245, p<.01) and morality (𝛽=.-165, p<.05); and those influencing burnout were delay of gratification (𝛽=-.240, p<.01), relation with coworker (𝛽=-.223, p<.01), centrality of work (𝛽=-.189, p<.01) and hard work (𝛽=-.184, p<.05). Conclusion : The results of this study confirmed the importance of professional ethics affecting job stress and burn out. Through follow-up research, it will be necessary to develop and apply programs to improve professional ethic of occupational therapists in the future.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.61-74
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• 1997

This study is a descriptive study which was done to examine the circumstances surrounding burn accidents in children in order to develop a burn prevention program. The subjects for the study were the mothers of 107 children admitted to two burn specialty hospitals in seoul and the mothers of 172 healthy children attending day care or kindergarten. The tool used in the study was developed by the researchers, pretested and refined. Cronbach's alpha was 0.72. Data collection was done between November 1995 and April 1996. Statistically analysis was done using SAS Version 6.04 and the data was analyzed using test, chi square, regression and logistic analysis. A suumary of the results shows the following : Eighty percent of the children in both groups lived in nuclear families but comparatively more of the children with burn accidents lived in apartments. More of the parents in the group of healthy children had university education and held white collar or professional jobs, while the parents of the children with burn accidents were slightly younger than the parents of the healthy children. but not significantly younger. A significantly greater number of families of children with burn accidents had more than one child and the characteristics of the children with burn accidents that they were more frequently boys, either first or last born and very active. Most of the burn accidents occurred in fall or winter. sometime between noon and midnight and the majority occurred in the home and were caused by hot liquid. In 86% of the cases emergency care was not given at home but the child was brought to the hospital emergency unit. Most of the burns were second degree or greater. involved the arms or legs. required admission, and 41.5% occurred when the parents were preparing or eating meals. In a test of knowledge of preventive measures, the mothers of children who had suffered burn accidents scored slightly higher than the mothers who had no experience with burn accidents, but this was not statistically significant. As to what to do in the case of a fire, the mothers of the healthy children had more knowledge about who to notify. but 70% of the mothers in both groups did not know how to escape from the house if it was of fire. 80 to 96% did not know what do to in case of a fire, such as rolling if clothes were on fire. 80% did not know what emergency care to give for a burn, and 74 to 87% did not know when it is appropriate to try to put out a fire. It can be concluded from this study that. since the results show that the most frequent situation which resulted in burn accidents was when the parents were not aware of the danger of burns or were not paying attention to the child. and when there were no protective devices to prevent burns. and that accidents most frequently occurred at home. the most effective way of preventing accidents is to develop in the parents a "safety mind", Since burn accidents in children are usually more severe than in adults. the physical. emotional. psychological and social damage is greater. In order to develop and awareness of this in the general public. the use of mass media. books and pamphlets and other educational media that provide education on prevention of burn accidents need to be utilized.