• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제53권11호
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• pp.804-816
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the oxide layer removal process in the Co-Cr-Mo (CCM) abutment after casting procedure on the prosthesis settlement and screw stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CCM abutments of four different interface conditions (CCM-M; machined, CCM-O; oxide layer formed, CCM-B; blasted, CCM-P; polished after blasted) and gold abutment (Gold-C; Cast with type III Gold alloy) were used. The initial settling values of abutments were evaluated according to the difference of implant-abutment length when the tightening torques were applied at 5 Ncm and 30 Ncm, and the settling values of abutments caused by loading were evaluated according to the difference of implant-abutment length before and after loading with 250 N, 100000 cycle. The loss ratios of removal torque for abutment screws were evaluated according to the difference in value of removal torques under 30 Ncm tightening torque applied before and after cyclic loading. RESULTS: The CCM-P and CCM-B group showed a higher initial settling value compared with the Gold-C group (P<.05), while the Gold-C group showed the highest settling values caused by loading (P<.05) and no significant differences were observed for between CCM groups (P>.05). The loss ratio of removal torque values for the CCM-B, CCM-P groups did not differ significantly from that of the Gold-C group (P>.05). CONCLUSION: Even though the oxide layer was removed by different methods, CCM abutment with internal conical connection structure showed lower abutment settling and similar screw loosening after cyclic loading compared with gold abutment.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.664-670
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• 2004

Statement of problem. One of the common problems of dental implant prosthesis is the loosening of the screw that connects each component, and this problem is more common in single implant-supported prostheses with external connection. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of detorque values of abutment screws with external connection in different abutment heights. Materials and methods. After cyclic loading on three different abutment heights, detorque values were measured. Abutments were retained with titanium abutment screws tightened to 30 Ncm (30.5 kgmm) with digital torque gauge as recommended by the manufacturer. Replacing abutments, implants and titanium abutment screws with new ones at every measurement, initial detorque values were measured six times. In measuring de torque values after cyclic loading, Avana Cemented Abutments of 4.0 mm collar, 7.0 mm height (Osstem Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea) were used with three different lengths of 5.0, 8.0, 11.0 mm. Shorter abutments were made by milling of 11.0 mm abutment to have the same force-exercised area of 4.5 mm diameter. Sine curve force (20N-320N, 14Hz) was applied, and detorque values were measured after cyclic loading of 2 million times by loading machine. Detorque values of initial and after-loading were measured by digital torque gauge. One-way ANOVA was employed to see if there was any influence from different abutment heights. Results. The results were as follows: 1. The initial detorque value was 27.8$\pm$0.93 kgmm, and the ratio of the initial detorque value to the tightening torque was 0.91(27.8/30.5). 2. Measured detorque values after cyclic loading were declined as the height of the abutment increased, that was, 5.0 mm; 22.3$\pm$0.82 kgmm, 8.0 mm; 21.8$\pm$0.93 kgmm, and 11.0 mm; 21.3$\pm$0.94 kgmm. 3. One-way ANOVA showed no statistically significant differences among these (p>0.05). 4. Noticeable mobility at the implant-abutment interface was not observed in any case after cyclic loading at all.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.662-670
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• 2005

Statement of problem: Little is known about the effect of abutment preparation procedure on do-torque values in different implant platform and the relationship of final do-torque values with different implant platform size. Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of abutment preparation procedure on do-torque values in different implant platform and the relationship of final do-torque values with different implant platform size. Material and method: Six ITI implants (2 narrow-neck implants, 2 regular-neck implants, 2 wide-neck implants) and six Branemark implants (2 narrow platforms, 2 regular platforms, 2 wide platforms) were embedded in each acrylic resin block with epoxy resin. Eighteen $synOcta^(R)$ abutments (6 narrow-neck implant-abutments, 6 regular-neck implant-abutments, 6 wide-neck implant-abutments) and eighteen esthetic abutments (6 narrow platform-abutments, 6 regular platform-abutments, 6 wide platform-abutments) were tightened to each implant with digital torque gauge. Initial do-torque values were measured using digital torque gauge. After preparation of abutments, Final do-torque values were measured with digital torque gauge. Results and conclusion: 1. Screws loosening or abutments motion were not detected in all experimental group, but some scratches of implant-abutment joints were detected in all group 2. Reduction ratios of final do-torque values were greater than initial do-torque values in all measured group, except in narrow-neck implant-abutment group (p<0.05). 3. Reduction ratios of final do-torque values in wide-neck implant-abutment group were greater than regular-neck implant-abutment group (p<0.01). 4. The greatest standard deviation value was detected in wide platform group in both implant systems.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.288-293
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• 2015

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cyclic loading and screw retightening on reverse torque value (RTV) in external and internal type implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cement-retained abutments were connected with 30 Ncm torque to external and internal type implants. Experimental groups were classified according to implant connection type and retightening/loading protocol. In groups with no retightening, RTV was evaluated after cyclic loading for 100,000 cycles. In groups with retightening, RTV was measured after 3, 10, 100 cycles as well as every 20,000 cycles until 100,000 cycles of loading. RESULTS. Every group showed decreased RTV after cyclic loading. Before and after cyclic loading, external type implants had significantly higher RTVs than internal type implants. In external type implants, retightening did not affect the decrease in RTV. In contrast, retightening 5 times and retightening after 10 cycles of dynamic loading was effective for maintaining RTV in internal type implants. CONCLUSION. Retightening of screws is more effective in internal type implants than external type implants. Retightening of screws is recommended in the early stage of functional loading.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제38권11호
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• pp.1239-1243
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• 2014

탄소섬유 강화플라스틱은 비강도, 비강성이 크고, 높은 감쇠 특성과 중량감소 측면에서 우수한 특성을 나타낸다. 그러나 탄소섬유 강화플라스틱은 재료의 적층각 또는 적층 순서에 따라 기계적 특성 차이가 크다. 또한 인장과 굽힘과 같은 하중을 받을 때 금속과 달리 파괴 예측이 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 최근 실생활에 밀접한 휴대용 스마트기기에 CFRP 적용을 위한 외부 충격에 정형화, 최적화 설계방식을 제시하고자 한다. CFRP 를 적층각도별 기계적 특성을 얻고자 인장실험을 하였고, 각 적층각도별 체결 특성을 얻고자 판에 탭 가공 후 토크 측정기를 이용하여 풀림 토크와 체결토크를 측정하였다. 위 두 실험에 비교 분석하여 최적의 조건을 찾고자 한다. 인장실험에서 적층각이 Woven 시편에서 강도와 강성 값이 가장 우수하였다. 또한 복합재료에서는 기지와 적층배열 때문에 풀림방지 코팅나사의 효과를 보기 힘들다. [$0_8/+45_2/-45_2/90_8$]s 에서 체결력이 가장 우수했으나, 인장응력이 상대적으로 낮았다. 핸드폰에 적용을 위해 인장 특성과 체결력을 모두 충족하는 최적의 시편은 Woven 이다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2022

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the misfit and screw preload at the implant abutment connection of implant supported fixed dental prosthesis with cantilever (ICFDP) manufactured using different digital manufacturing techniques and to compare the screw preload before and after cyclic loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Mandibular jaw model with four intra-foraminal implants was scanned using digital scanner. Stereolithography file was used to design a framework with nonengaging (NE) abutments and 10 mm cantilever distal to one terminal implant. Five frameworks were constructed using combined digital-conventional techniques (CAD-cast), and five frameworks were constructed using three-dimensional printing (3DP). Additional CAD-cast framework was constructed in a way that ensures passive fit (PF) to use as control. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) measured the implant abutment connection misfit. Sixty screws were used on the corresponding frameworks. Screws were torqued and pre-cyclic loading reverse torque value (RTV) was recorded. Frameworks were subjected to 200,000 loading cycles with a loading point 9 mm from the center of terminal implants adjacent to the cantilever and post-cyclic loading RTVs were recorded. RESULTS. Microscopic readings showed significant differences between frameworks. PF demonstrated the lowest measurements of 16.04 (2.6) ㎛ while CAD-cast demonstrated the highest measurements of 29.2 (3.1) ㎛. In all groups, RTVs were significantly lower than the applied torque. Post-cyclic loading RTV was significantly lower than pre-cyclic loading RTV in PF and 3DP frameworks. Differences in RTVs between the three manufacturing techniques were insignificant. CONCLUSION. Although CAD-cast and three-dimensionally printed (3DP) both produce frameworks with clinically acceptable misfit, 3DP might not be the technique of choice for maintaining screw's preload stability under an aggressive loading situation.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.517-521
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• 2015

Recent development of core techniques the IT electronics industry can condense into lightweight and slimmer. In this circumstance, researches for the lightweight materials and subminiature screw have been attracted. In this study, the CFRP was produced by stacking angle to obtain the tensile properties. And Comparing the coated screws and non-coated screws on the specimen, and evaluating the adequacy for the application of CFRP using the result. So The clamping force measured by comparison evaluation. Low screw reverse and Superior torque value at each stacking angle were found the optimum conditions, when Subminiature Screw is applied on smart devices. Both tensile strength and stiffness of $[{\pm}0^{\circ}]_{10}$ is the highest. Followed by $[90^{\circ}/0^{\circ}]_{10}$ is the highest. The largest clamping torque is $[90^{\circ}/0^{\circ}]_{10}$ When Subminiature Screw is applied coating and non-coating to prevent loosening. Based on the above, Subminiature Screw should be applied in smart devices, because $[90^{\circ}/0^{\circ}]_{10}$ meet both tensile properties and clamping force.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.164-173
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• 2009

연구 목적: 심미적 장점을 지닌 지르코니아 지대주와 금속 지대주 사이에 반복 하중 전, 후의 풀림 회전력을 비교하여 지대주 재질에 따른 나사 안정성에 차이가 있는지를 비교 분석해 보고자 하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 실험군은 크게 외측 연결 구조(US II, Osstem Implant, Korea)와 내측 연결 구조(GS II, Osstem Implant, Korea)의 임플란트 시스템을 두 군으로 나누었다. 각각의 군에서 지르코니아 지대주군와 금속 지대주군으로 나누어 실험하였다. 각군당5개씩의 시편을 제작하였다. 임플란트 고정체를 별도 제작된 지그에 고정시킨다. 디지털 토크게이지를 이용하여 30 Ncm의 조임 회전력을 가하고 10분 후 동일 조임 회전력을 한번 더 적용하였다. 다음 각 지대주 나사의 초기 풀림 회전력을 디지털 토크게이지로 측정하였다. 동일 시편을 다시 30 Ncm의 조임 회전력을 가하여 체결한 후, 유압식 동적 재료시험기(Instron, USA)에 임플란트 매식체를 치과용 임플란트 피로시험에 관한 ISO/FPIS 14801:2003(E)규정을 참고하여 고정시켰다. 최소 하중은 10 N, 최대 하중은 250 N의 sine형 반복 하중을 $30^{\circ}$의 경사각도로, 하중 주기는 14 Hz로, 100만 회의 반복 하중을 적용한 후 풀림 회전력을 측정하였다. 결과: 1. 모든 시스템에서 지대주 나사의 풀림 회전력이 조임 회전력 보다 감소하였으나, 나사 풀림 현상은 나타나지 않았다. 2. 반복 하중 전과 후의 나사 풀림 회전력은 두 임플란트 시스템 모두에서 지르코니아 지대주가 금속 지대주보다 더 컸다(P<.05). 3. 반복 하중에 따른 풀림 회전력 상실률은 두 임플란트 시스템 모두에서 지르코니아 지대주와 금속 지대주가 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다(P>.05). 4. 금속 지대주에서 반복 하중에 따른 풀림 회전력 상실률은 내측 연결 형태의 GS II 시스템이 외측 연결형태의 US II 시스템보다 작았다(P<.05). 5. 지르코니아 지대주에서는 반복 하중에 따른 풀림 회전력 상실률은 두 임플란트 시스템 간에 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다(P>.05). 결론: 본 실험을 통해 100만회 반복 하중 하에서 지르코니아 지대주가 금속 지대주에 비해 나사 결합부 안정성이 더 크다는 결론을 내릴 수 있다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회 논문요약집
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• pp.292-292
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• 2004

치과용 임플란트(Implant)란 상실된 자연치아를 대신하여 골 내에 매식하는 인공치근을 말한다. 임플란트는 인접 자연치아의 보호, 심미적 안정 등의 장점으로 인해 그 수요가 늘어나고 있으며, 단일치아 임플란트의 경우, 부분 무치악 환자들에게 있어서 우수한 치의학적 해법이 되어왔다. 대부분의 임플란트는 두 개 이상의 구성요소로 이루어져 있으며, 각각의 구성요소는 나사에 의해 결합되어 있다. 많은 연구결과를 통해, 임플란트의 나사 풀림 현상(Screw loosening)은 임플란트와 관련하여 가장 흔한 문제로 나타나고 있다.(중략)

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.243-248
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• 2012

연구 목적: 본 연구의 목적은 임플란트 지대주 연결에 사용되는 기성품 나사와 맞춤형 나사의 풀림 토크를 비교하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 세가지 임플란트 시스템에(Osstem, Astra, Zimmer) 대해 고정체와 지대주의 연결에 기성품 나사군(대조군)과 맞춤형 나사군(실험군)으로 총 6군(n = 6)으로 나누었다. 조임 토크조절은 디지털 토크 측정기를 이용하였으며 각 임플란트 제조사가 추천한 조임 토크 값을 적용하였다. 체결 10분 후 동일한 조임 토크를 다시 적용하고 5분 후에 풀림 토크력을 측정하였다. 이 과정을 10회 반복 측정하였다. 반복 하중 실험에서는 6개 군(n = 3)에 대해 체결 10분 후 2차 조임 토크를 적용하고 $30^{\circ}$ 경사로 50 N 하중으로 총 1,000,000번 반복 하중을 가하였다. 반복 하중 적용 이후 풀림 토크값을 측정하였다. 통계 방법으로는 10회 반복 측정에서 풀림 토크값의 차이를 비교하기 위해 repeated measures of ANOVA test (${\alpha}$=.05)를 사용하였고, 반복 하중 후 풀림 토크값의 차이를 비교하기 위해서 각 시스템별 Independant t-test로 통계 처리하였다. 결과: 모든 군에서 반복 횟수가 증가할수록 풀림 토크값이 유의성 있게 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(P<.05). 10회 반복 측정 실험에서는 세 종류의 임플란트에서 대조군(기성품나사)과 실험군(맞춤형 나사) 간에 풀림 토크값은 유의차가 없었다(P>.05). 반복 하중 실험에서 세가지 시스템에서 대조군과 실험군 간의 풀림 토크력은 유의한 차이가 없었다(P>.05). 결론: 반복 측정된 풀림력 검사와 반복 하중을 적용 후 풀림력 검사에서 맞춤형 나사와 기성품 나사의 풀림력은 유의한 차이가 없었다.