• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2002

This study is aimed to find the scouring mechanism at the toe of rubble mound structures. To investigate the characteristics of scouring in front of the structure, experiments were performed with regular waves in a 2-D flume. The results of this study are as follows. 1) It can be said the characteristics of incident wave causes rolling and sliding of armour block. The difference of wave pressure on the slope, internal flow as well as settlement of armour block due to the weight cause scouring. 2) It is observed that scouring depth at the toe increased when wave height or period increased. The location of ultimate scouring and deposition depth moved seaward when wave period increased. 3) The failure of rubble mound structure was caused by waves or scouring. Failure by erosion increased with high waves and long waves. 4) Using surf-similarity parameter including characteristics of incident waves and structure, scouring and deposition pattern were found and their limit was formulated.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2007

The advantage of enzyme scouring over alkali scouring is that the enzymatic process can be carried in a neutral pH, resulting in less damage on the fibers and a drastic reduction of wastewater. Since the pH of scouring bath is neutral, dyeing can be carried in the same bath. Four different types of scouring and dyeing in a single-bath were performed in this work: continuous scouring and dyeing in one-bath I and II, simultaneous scouring and dyeing in one-bath I and II. The difference between process I and II is the existence of an after-treatment process in the scouring. Dyeing was performed with three major colors(red, blue, yellow) and black to investigate the dye-ability. The absorbency of scoured and dyed fabrics was measured using gravimetric absorbency testing system. The fabric weight loss was measured after the treatment. Although the color depth for the three major colored fabrics treated in a single-bath was lower than the fabric scoured and dyed separately, the fabrics dyed with black did not show much difference. In addition, the absorbency of fabric treated in a single-bath was higher than the fabric treated separately.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1999

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of a scouring machine including an ultrasonic system on desizing and scouring polyester fabrics. The ultrasonic frequency of the improved machine showed up at 28.882 kHz. Frequency amplitude increased with the current and the bath temperature, and then showed a constant level. Scouring effect of the ultrasonic machine was better than that of the conventional scouring machine using the mechanical stirring. The ultrasonic machine showed the optimum scouring effect at $50^\circ{C}$ of bath temperature and 10 min. of operation time, as compared to the conventional machine that required operating conditions of high temperature at $90^\circ{C}$, stirring speed at 40 rpm, and stirring time for 15 min..

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 11호
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• pp.15-22
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• 1970

이 실험은 생사의 정연조건이 Lousiness발생에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 정연시간, 정연온도, 정연반복회수, 정연제의 양, 정연제의 종류 및 정녁액의 pH 등의 처리조 에 따라 실험하였으며 그 결과는 아래와 같다. (1) 정연시간이 짧을수륵 Lousiness의 발생이 많았으며 특히 30분과 60분, 그리고 90분과 120분 사이에 Lousiness발생 차가 큰 반면 60분과 90분사이에는 적었다. (2) 정연시간에 으하여 발생한 Lousiness의 형태는 60분 이하에서는 모우상의 분열 미세단섬유가, 그리고 220분에서는 분열 미세장섬유의 출현이 많았다. (3) 정연온도 9$0^{\circ}C$ 이하에서는 미용해 Sericin의 부착으로 인한 Panel상의 사조 분리가 곤란하여 Exfoliation (Lousines) 검사가 거의 불가능하였다. 즉 95$^{\circ}C$ 이상에서만이 Exfoliation 검사가 가능하였다. (4)정연의 반복처리 (동일 정연액에서)에) 의한 Lousiness의 발생은 처리회수가 많을수록 적었다. 특히 반복 처리회수에 의한 Lousiness의 발생차는 8회까지는 대동소이 하였으나 8회와 9회사이에는 Lousiness의 발생 차가 대단히 컸다. (5) 정연제의 양에 의한 Lousiness의 발생은 정연제(Marseilles soap)의 양이 0.75%에 이를때 까지는 정연제의 사용량이 많을수록 Lousiness의 발생도 증가하였으나 정연제의 양이 0.75% 이상 더 많았을 때는 오히려 Lousiness가 감소하였다. 그러고 Lousiness의 발생차는 0.15%와 0.30% 사이에 컸다. (6) 정연제의 양에 의해서 발생한 Lousiness의 형태적 특징은 0.30% (Marseilles soap) 이하에서는 모우상의 분열 미세단섬유가 많았으나, 0.75% 이상에서는 분열 미세장섬녹와 괴상의 Lousiness가 대부분이었으며 0.5%에서는 이상 2가지 형태의 Lousiness가 혼재하여 발생하였다. (7) 정연제의 종류에 의한 Lousiness의 발생은 탄산소다 ($Na_2$CO$_3$) 0.5%에서 가장 적은 반면, 탄산소다 0.25%와 Marseilles soap 0.25%를 혼용한 것이 Lousiness의 발생이 가장 많았다. (8) 정연액의 pH치가 클수록 Lousiness의 발생이 많았으며, 그 형태적 특징을 보면 pH 9.0 以下에서는 모우상의 분열 미세단섬유가, 그고 pH 11.0 이상에서는 사조의 강력 저하와 섬사(Brin)의 절점으로 인한 미세장섬유의 출현이 많았다. (9) 이상의 결과로 보아 Lousiness발생을 감소시키기 위한 정연조건 은 아래와 같이 추정된다. \circled1 정연시간을 가능한 범위내에서 길게 한다(이때 정연온도는 정연시간에 반비례로 낮춘다) \circled2 완연을 목적으로 하는 경우, 정연온도는 95$^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 하는 것이 좋으나 99$^{\circ}C$ 이상은 피한다. \circled3 정연제(Marseilles soap)를 사용하는 경우, 양은 0.5% 정도로 하는 것이 좋다. \circled4 정연제는 탄산소다 또는Marseilles soap를 혼합하지 않고 각각 단독으로 사용한다. \circled5 정연액의 pH는 9.5~10.5 범위내에서 조정한다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제30권9_10호
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• pp.1485-1493
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the effect of different scouring methods on mechanical properties and appearance of lyocell. Two different scouring methods were adopted for the study; one was the traditional scouring with alkali and the other was enzymatic scouring. Enzymatic scouring was carried with four different enzymes; C1 : Cellusoft L, C2 : Cellusoft UL, D1 : Denimax 992L, D2 : Denimax Acid XCL. The mechanical properties of scoured lyocell were measured using KES-FB. The appearance of scoured samples was analyzed by 3D CAD SYSTEM of i-Designer. While the untreated fabric showed the best linearity because it is stiff, alkali treated samples showed the worst dimensional stability and distorted easily. Enzyme treated samples, especially C1 treated samples showed the best dimensional stability. In addition, enzyme treated samples showed low bending rigidity compared to the alkali treated samples. It means that the enzyme treated samples are more flexible than alkali treated samples. However, the smoothness of the sample's surface treated by either of methods did not show much difference. From the study, it was suggested that the enzymatic scouring for lyocell could help to gain natural silhouette.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 1993

유채유를 이용해서 만든 새로운 정련비누와 현재 시중에서 사용되고 있는 정련 비누로, 정련염색 및 물성시험을 통하여 얻어진 결과를 비교 분석하여 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 정련율에서는 OC(올레인산으로 만든 비누)를 사용한 것이 가장 좋고 RS(유채유로 만든 비누)를 사용한 것이 다음으로 모두 MS(시중에서 사용되고 있는 비누)를 사용한 것보다 우수하였다. 2. 완충력을 측정한 결과 RS와 OS는 비슷하였지만 MS는 크게 떨어졌다. 3. 오염성에 미치는 영향으로는 OS와 RS로 정련한 것이 반점이 없었으나, MS로 정련한 것은 염반이 발생하였다. 4. 강·신도에서는 큰 차이가 없었으나, MS로 정련한 것이 OS, RS로 정련한 것보다 다소 낮았다. 5. 정련 후의 방추도 및 백도는 OS, RS, MS순으로 높게 나타났다.

• 공업화학
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.974-978
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• 1999

면섬유에 대한 정련제로서 NP-7(polyoxyethylene(7) nonylphenyl ether) 및 TDA-7((polyoxyethylene(7) tridecyl ether)을 인산에스테르화 반응시켜 PAPE(sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl phosphoric ester)형 음이온 계면활성제인 sodium polyoxyethylene(7) nonylphenyl phosphoric ester(CPB-1)와 sodium polyoxyethylene(7) tridecyl phosphoric ester(CPB-2)를 각각 합성하였다. 합성한 CPB-1과 CPB-2를 기존의 상용제품인 Ultravon GP(GP)와 각 기능별로 성능을 비교하였다. 그 결과 상온 및 $100^{\circ}C$에서의 억포 및 파포력이 CPB-2>CPB-1>GP의 순으로 CPB-2의 기포가 가장 적었고, 또한 가장 빨리 파포되어졌다. 증류수에서의 침윤효과는 CPB-1>GP>CPB-2의 순으로 나타났으나, 실제 일반 정련에서 많이 사용하는 1.2 wt % NaOH 수용액에서의 침윤효과는 전반적으로 CPB-2가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 섬유가공시의 정련조건인 알카리 상태에서의 안정성은 $CPB-2{\geq}CPB-1$>GP의 순으로 나타났으며, 재흡수력 실험결과 CPB-2>CPB-1>GP의 순으로 CPB-2의 정련력이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.877-884
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• 2005

The importance and usefulness of a subjective evaluation of the sensorial properties of scoured silk fabrics is discussed. Silk fabric was treated at 12 different scouring rates and the scoured fabrics were used as specimens. Using paired comparisons, three trained subjects, evaluated seven subjective sensorial properties; softness, elasticity, drape, stiffness, crispness, and luster. A quad experimental design was adopted as an effective and reliable evaluation method. Results showed that some properties such as drape, luster were easily discriminated depending on the scouring rates whereas the smoothness was not easily discriminated. As the scouring rate increased, it was hard to discriminated the softness, drape, and stiffness, which indicates there is an optimum scouring rates to have a certain sensorial properties. It was suggested that these results should be applied to the manufacturing process.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.443-448
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• 2008

Multidomain proteins for the biochemical analysis of the scouring efficiency of cotton fabrics were constructed by the fusion of a reporter moiety in the N-terminal and the cellulose binding domain (CBD) in the C-terminal. Based on the specific binding of the CBD of Cellulomonas fimi exoglucanase (Cex) to crystalline cellulose (Avicel), the reporter protein is guided to the cellulose fibers that are increasingly exposed as the scouring process proceeds. Among the tested reporter proteins, a thermostable ${\beta}$-glycosidase (BglA) from Thermus caldophilus was found to be most appropriate, showing a higher applicability and stability than GFP, DsRed2, or a tetrameric ${\beta}$-glycosidase (GUS) from Escherichia coli, which were precipitated more seriously during the expression and purification steps. When cotton fabrics with different scouring levels were treated with the BglA-CBD and incubated with X-Gal as the chromogenic substrate, an indigo color became visible within 2 h, and the color depth changed according to the conditions and extent of the scouring.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.156-163
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• 2004

Low foaming scouring agents (LSSA) were prepared by blending of amine salt of dodecylbenzene sulfone, poly (PO-b-EO) glycol, Newpol PP-2000, MJU-100, ethylene glycol and organic solvent. As the results of several tests, LSSA-2 showed good scouring effect, penetrating ability and emulsifiability, and showed not much water pollution. The foaming power of LSSA-2 measured by Ross & Miles method was 11mm foam height immediately after foaming. And the foaming power of LSSA-2 measured by Ross & Clark method were less than 310mm foam height at $30^{\circ}C$, 17mm at $80^{\circ}C$. As a result, LSSA-2 was proved as a good foaming scouring agent.