• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-21
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• 1983

For the flexible and rational distribution of limited existing health resources based on measurements of individual risk, the socalled Risk Approach is being proposed by the World Health Organization as a managerial tool in maternal and child health care program. This approach, in principle, puts us under the necessity of developing a technique by which we will be able to measure the degree of risk or to discriminate the future outcomes of pregnancy on the basis of prior information obtainable at prenatal care delivery settings. Numerous recent studies have focussed on the identification of relevant risk factors as the Prior infer mation and on defining the adverse outcomes of pregnancy to be dicriminated, and also have tried on how to develope scoring system of risk factors for the quantitative assessment of the factors as the determinant of pregnancy outcomes. Once the scoring system is established the technique of classifying the patients into with normal and with adverse outcomes will be easily de veloped. The scoring system should be developed to meet the following four basic requirements. 1) Easy to construct 2) Easy to use 3) To be theoretically sound 4) To be valid In searching for a feasible methodology which will meet these requirements, the author has attempted to apply the“Likelihood Method”, one of the well known principles in statistical analysis, to develop such scoring system according to the process as follows. Step 1. Classify the patients into four groups: Group $A_1$: With adverse outcomes on fetal (neonatal) side only. Group $A_2$: With adverse outcomes on maternal side only. Group $A_3$: With adverse outcome on both maternal and fetal (neonatal) sides. Group B: With normal outcomes. Step 2. Construct the marginal tabulation on the distribution of risk factors for each group. Step 3. For the calculation of risk score, take logarithmic transformation of relative proport-ions of the distribution and round them off to integers. Step 4. Test the validity of the score chart. h total of 2, 282 maternity records registered during the period of January 1, 1982-December 31, 1982 at Ewha Womans University Hospital were used for this study and the“Questionnaire for Maternity Record for Prenatal and Intrapartum High Risk Screening”developed by the Korean Institute for Population and Health was used to rearrange the information on the records into an easy analytic form. The findings of the study are summarized as follows. 1) The risk score chart constructed on the basis of“Likelihood Method”ispresented in Table 4 in the main text. 2) From the analysis of the risk score chart it was observed that a total of 24 risk factors could be identified as having significant predicting power for the discrimination of pregnancy outcomes into four groups as defined above. They are: (1) age (2) marital status (3) age at first pregnancy (4) medical insurance (5) number of pregnancies (6) history of Cesarean sections (7). number of living child (8) history of premature infants (9) history of over weighted new born (10) history of congenital anomalies (11) history of multiple pregnancies (12) history of abnormal presentation (13) history of obstetric abnormalities (14) past illness (15) hemoglobin level (16) blood pressure (17) heart status (18) general appearance (19) edema status (20) result of abdominal examination (21) cervix status (22) pelvis status (23) chief complaints (24) Reasons for examination 3) The validity of the score chart turned out to be as follows: a) Sensitivity: Group $A_1$: 0.75 Group $A_2$: 0.78 Group $A_3$: 0.92 All combined : 0.85 b) Specificity : 0.68 4) The diagnosabilities of the“score chart”for a set of hypothetical prevalence of adverse outcomes were calculated as follows (the sensitivity“for all combined”was used). Hypothetidal Prevalence : 5％ 10％ 20％ 30％ 40％ 50％ 60％ Diagnosability : 12% 23% 40% 53% 64% 75% 80%.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.20 no.4 s.51
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• pp.311-325
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• 2005

A chemical ranking and scoring system, CRS - Korea, has recently been developed and proposed to use to prioritize on a screening level the toxic chemicals for monitoring and risk assessment. As CRS-Korea requires rigorous assessments prior to its wide application, an assessment was conducted in this study by examining the contribution of individual parameter score to the final chemical score or ranking. The sensitivity of the system to the default values for various parameters of missing data was also tested. The chemical ranking/score was round to depend primarily on the score of a single parameter, i. e., the chemical release, while toxicity scores show little correlation with the priority Further analysis indicated that the dominating effect of the chemical release results from i) its multiplicative relationship with the other two exposure parameters (biodegradation and persistent) and ii) the fact that a maximum score of 10 was assigned to the chemical release parameter while 5 was assigned for all others. AE the fraction of the data that are missing exceeded $70\%$ for various toxicity parameters at compared to less than $10\%$ for exposure parameters, the sensitivity of the ranking to the default value was not significant (rank correlation coefficient = 0.98) for toxicity parameters. Bated on this assessment, an improved CRS system (CRS - Korea II) was proposed in which the impact of the chemical release was properly adjusted by changing the multiplicative relationship to additive one and the maximum score to 5. Chemical priority was derived for each of 16 provinces by using CRS-Korea II. The chemical priority was found to significantly vary among the provinces. It was concluded that not only the national chemical priority but the local chemical priority should be taken into account in setting the nationwide chemical monitoring and risk assessment strategy.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.230-239
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• 2002

This study was performed to analyze the secondary students' perceptions and self-efficacy of performance assessments in the science subject. The data was obtained from 236 middle school students and 222 high school students in seoul. The students had generally proper understanding about characteristics of performance assessment which include purposes of assessment and differences from other conventional achievement assessments. They responded that the performance assessments were not useful in their science learning and developing their potential abilities. They were not satisfied with reliability and validity of the performance assessments. The middle school students more positively responded than high school students regarding the reliability of the scoring system and the originality of the evaluating materials. The female students more positively thought than males about the reliability of assessment and the usefulness for learning science. The students' self-efficacy level of performance assessment were not low in comparison with another existing assessments. They had high level of self-efficacy in understanding of experimental procedures, and utilizing of experimental apparatuses, but had low level of self-efficacy in understanding purposes of experiments or issues of discussions, processing of experimental results, answering of problems in experimental discussions. The female students' self-efficacy of performance assessment were higher than male students'. There was statistically correlated with females' scores and their level of self-efficacy of performance assessment.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2022

A 50-year-old Korean male tour guide without any medical or family history complained of left knee pain. After receiving umbilical cord blood injection treatment, the pain gradually worsened. After being diagnosed with septic arthritis in the left knee, arthroscopic lavage, debridement, antibiotic treatment, and routine rehabilitation therapy were performed, but the symptoms persisted. In the hospital, acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, acupotomy, Chuna manual therapy, and cupping therapy were performed in addition to the usual treatment for 59 days. To evaluate the patient's improvement, the numeric rating scale, EuroQol 5-dimension, pain disability index, and Lysholm knee scoring system were used. After treatment, the symptoms improved in all assessment tools, swelling, and range of motion of the joint. Through this study, it was found that complex Korean medical therapies may be effective for postoperative ankylosis in septic arthritis of the knee, and further studies are needed to clarify the therapeutic effect.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2006

Purpose: In maxillofacial surgery, proper preoperative diagnosis is very important in achieving good postoperative results. Although conventional CT scans are useful for visual representations of fractures, they cannot provide direct guidance for reconstructing facial bone fractures. However, the recent technology of multislice scanning has brought many clinical benefits to CT images. Direct correlations can be made between preoperative imaging data and operative planning. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the differences between conventional CT and multidetective three-dimensional CT(3D MDCT) measurements in craniofacial deformities. Methods: From January 2005 to November 2005, MDCT scans of 41 patients were evaluated by comparing them with conventional CT scans. The 3D MDCT images were assessed and reviewed by using a simple scoring system. Results: The 3D MDCT scans offered easy interpretation, facilitated surgical planning, and clarified postoperative results in malar complex fractures, mandibular fractures, and extensive maxillofacial fractures and cranioplasty. However, 3D MDCT images were not superior to conventional CT scans in the diagnosis of blowout fractures. Conclusion: In spite of its limitations, the 3D MDCT provided additional and more comprehensive information than the conventional CT for preoperative assessment of craniofacial deformities. Therefore, the 3D MDCT can be a useful tool for diagnosis and systematic treatment planning in craniofacial skeletal deformities.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2008

Purpose: Nonunions and delayed unions are possible complications of fractures of fifth metatarsal base. We tried to report the results of the surgical treatment, which is not prevalent yet. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study of thirty nine patients undergoing operation at our institution between 2003 and 2008 was conducted. Six patients were excluded with loss of follow up before bony union, multiple trauma, pediatric fractures, stress fracture, open fracture. There were 18 males and 15 females with 45.1 years old mean age. The average follow-up period was 18.3 months. We used a midfoot scoring system of AOFAS for clinical assessment and radiologic findings to evaluate bony union, alignment. Results: According to Lawrence's classification, Zone 1 fractures were thirteen and Zone 2 were twenty. Average AOFAS score was 93.61. Conclusion: Early operative treatment with cannulated screw fixation in fractures of the fifth metatarsal base is thought to be an useful and easy treatment option with faster rates of union.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.260-265
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• 2018

Undergraduate students struggle to comprehend embryology because of its dynamic nature. Studies have recommended using a combination of teaching methods to match the student's learning style. But there has been no study to describe the effect of such teaching strategy over the different types of learners. In the present study, an attempt has been made to teach embryology using the combination of analogies and simple 2D animations made with Microsoft powerpoint software. The objective of the study is to estimate the difference in academic improvement and perception scale between the different types of learners after introducing analogies and 2D animation in a lecture environment. Based on Visual, Aural, Read/Write, and Kinesthetic (VARK) scoring system the learners were grouped into unimodal and multimodal learners. There was significant improvement in post-test score among the unimodal (P<0.001) and multimodal learners (P<0.001). When the post-test score was compared between the two groups, the multimodal learners performed better the unimodal learners (P=0.018). But there was no difference in the perception of animations and analogies and long-term assessment between the groups. The multimodal learners performed better than unimodal learners in short term recollection, but in long term retention of knowledge the varied learning style didn't influence its outcome.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.80-87
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• 2020

Purpose: Some patients who have undergone surgery due to lumbar disc herniation still complain of leg pain and other abnormal sensations. Therefore, the study examined the effects of the neurodynamics on pain and other abnormal nerve sensations in post-operated patients with lumbar disc herniation. Methods: The participants of this study comprised 20 adults (10 males and 10 females) who were diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation. The subjects were classified into two groups of 10 patients each in the lower extremity neurodynamics (LEN) and lumbar stabilization exercise (LSE) groups. Each intervention was applied twice a day for one week and was composed of two different exercise patterns; one was applied by a therapist, and the other was performed by the patients themselves. The data were analyzed using assessment methods of Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging (DITI), Toronto clinical neuropathy scoring system (TCNSS), Sympathetic Skin Response (SSR) test, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scale. Results: Significant differences in TCNSS, DITI, ODI scale were observed between the LEN and LSE group (p<0.01). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in the SSR test between pre and post-treatment (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that neurodynamics treatment is effective in pain reduction and abnormal sensations, such as leg muscle cramps, in post-operated patients with lumbar disc herniation.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2015

Since security vulnerabilities newly discovered in a popular Web browser immediately put a number of users at risk, urgent attention from developers is required to address those vulnerabilities. Analysis of characteristics in the Web browser vulnerabilities can be used to assess security risks and to determine the resources needed to develop patches quickly to handle vulnerabilities discovered. So far, being a new research area, the quantitative aspects of the Web browser vulnerabilities and risk assessments have not been fully investigated. However, due to the importance of Web browser software systems, further detailed studies are required related to the Web browser risk assessment, using rigorous analysis of actual data which can assist decision makers to maximize the returns on their security related efforts. In this paper, quantitative software vulnerability analysis has been presented for major Web browsers with respect to the Common Vulnerability Scoring System. Further, vulnerability discovery trends in the Web browsers are also investigated. The results show that, almost all the time, vulnerabilities are compromised from remote networks with no authentication required systems. It is also found that a vulnerability discovery model which was originally introduced for operating systems is also applicable to the Web browsers.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.193-198
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analysis of effectiveness between cognitive function assessment scores and gaming cognitive rehabilitation system in children with intellectual impairment. Methods: Five children (male=5, $age=10.00{\pm}0.80$) with intellectual impairment participated in this study and were randomly assigned to the experiment that played (received) gaming cognitive rehabilitation system (Neuroworld). The children were applied 2 times a week for 30 minutes during 3 months. The children were assessed K-WSIC-VI (Korean-Wechsler intelligence scale for children-fourth edition) and recorded that gained score in gaming cognitive rehabilitation system before and after intervention. K-WSIC-VI contained five primary index scores: verbal comprehension index, visual spatial index, fluid reasoning index, working memory index, and processing speed index. Gaming cognitive rehabilitation system scoring was composed visual recall, target recall, sequence recall, selective attention, continuous attention, and exploration. Results: In the intelligence quotient (IQ) of K-WSIC-VI, there were significant increased in all children. The visual recall item was highest effective in all children. However, sequential recall showed the lowest improvement in all children. The performance speed of selective attention item was decreased, this means that children's skills have improved. Also, their ability to explore has improved significantly. Conclusion: In conclusion, gaming cognitive rehabilitation system was significant effectiveness in cognitive function in some categories for children with intellectual impairment. However, the visual recall and performance speed don't represent of all cognitive function. Therefore, further studies will need to verify by applying more subject and longer duration.