• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.73 no.5
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• pp.266-272
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• 2012

Background: Limited data on the incidence and clinical characteristics of adult pertussis infections are available in Korea. Methods: Thirty-one hospitals and the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention collaborated to investigate the incidence and clinical characteristics of pertussis infections among adults with a bothersome cough in non-outbreak, ordinary outpatient settings. Nasopharyngeal aspirates or nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture tests. Results: The study enrolled 934 patients between September 2009 and April 2011. Five patients were diagnosed as confirmed cases, satisfying both clinical and laboratory criteria (five positive PCR and one concurrent positive culture). Among 607 patients with cough duration of at least 2 weeks, 504 satisfied the clinical criteria of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (i.e., probable case). The clinical pertussis cases (i.e., both probable and confirmed cases) had a wide age distribution ($45.7{\pm}15.5$ years) and cough duration (median, 30 days; interquartile range, 18.0~50.0 days). In addition, sputum, rhinorrhea, and myalgia were less common and dyspnea was more common in the clinical cases, compared to the others (p=0.037, p=0.006, p=0.005, and p=0.030, respectively). Conclusion: The positive rate of pertussis infection may be low in non-outbreak, ordinary clinical settings if a PCR-based method is used. However, further prospective, well-designed, multicenter studies are needed.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2015

Insecticidal and antifeeding activities of 29 commercialized eco-friendly organic products for managing plant diseases and insect pests against Plutella xylostella larvae, Spodoptera exigua larvae, Frankliniella occidentalis adults, and Myzus persicae adults were tested using spraying and leaf dipping bioassays under laboratory conditions. Products containing 60% Sophora extract (EOIS) and mixtures (EOISm) with Sophora extract, Stemona japonica extract, Melia azedarach extract, and Nepeta cataria extract as well as mixtures (EOISc) with Sophora extract, Chenopodium ambrosioides extract, and Melia azedarach extract as active ingredients showed strong insecticidal activity at recommended concentration against P. xylostella larvae. At half concentration, their insecticidal activities were decreased under 50%. The EOIS gave good insecticidal activity against S. exigua larvae and also showed 85% and 95% insecticidal activity at 24 and 48 hours after treatment to F. occidentalis adults, respectively. For M. persicae adults, EOISm and mixtures (EOIR) containing rape seed extract, neem extract, and castar oil produced 93% and 68% insecticidal activity, but their activities did not be increased at double concentration. EOISm only showed 100% contact toxicity against M. persicae adults exposed to dipping leaves. Interestingly, the insecticidal activity of EOIR and EOICi (citronella oil and derris extract) against M. persicae adults was increased with exposed time and concentration. In addition, EOICe (cedar oil), EOIS, EOISm, EOISc, EOIM (microorganism), EOIR, EOIPe (plant extract), and EOIT (tea tree extract) gave strong antifeeding activity against S. exigua and P. xylostella larvae. EOIB, EOIBs, EOIM, EOICi, and EOIMc showed above 70% antifeeding activity to the lepidopteran larvae. These results indicate that mixtures containing 2 to 3 plant extracts with Sophora extract show good activities against insect pests, although the difference of insecticidal and antifeeding activities was produced depending on both a tested insect species and an active ingredient or concentration.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.227-248
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• 1990

The study was conceived in relation to a concern over the growing gap between the needs of chronic patients and the availability of care from the current health care system in Korea. Patients with agonizing chronic pain, discomfort, despair and disability are left with helplessly unprepared families with little help from the acute care oriented health care system after discharge from hospital. There is a great need for the development of an alternative means of quality care that is economically feasible and culturally adaptible to our society. Thus, the study was designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of home heath care as an alternative to bridge the existing gap between the patients' needs and the current practice of health care. The study specifically purports to test the effects of home care on health expenditure, readmission, job retention, compliance to health care regime, general conditions, complications, and self-care knowledge and practices. The study was guided by the operations research method advocated by the Primary Health Care Operations Research Institute(PRICOR) which constitutes 3 stages of research : namely, problem analysis solution development, and solution validation. The first step in the operations research was field preparation to develop the necessary consensus and cooperation. This was done through the formation of a consulting body at the hospital and a steering committee among the researchers. For the stage of problem analysis, the Annual Report of Seoul National University Hospital and the patients records for last 5 years were reviewed and selective patient interviews were conducted to find out the magnitude of chronic health problems and areas of unmect health care needs to finally decide on the kinds of health problems to study. On the basis of problem analysis, the solution development stage was devoted to home care program development asa solution alternative. Assessment tools, teaching guidelines and care protocols were developed and tested for their validity. The final stage was the stage of experimentation and evaluation. Patients with liver diseases, hemiplegic and diabetic conditions were selected as study samples. Discharge evaluation, follow up home care, measurement and evaluation were carried out according to the protocols of care and measurement plan for each patient for the period of 6 months after discharge. The study was carried out for the period from Jan. 1987 to Dec. 1989. The following are the results of the study presented according to the hypotheses set forth for the study ; 1. Total expenditures for the period of study were not reduced for the experimental group, however, since the cost per hospital visit is about 4 times as great as the cost per home visit, the effect of cost saving by home care will become a reality as home care replaces part of the hospital visits. 2. The effect on the rate of readmission and job retention was found to be statistically nonsignificant though the number of readmission was less among the experimental group receiving home care. 3. The effect on compliance to the health care regime was found to be statistically significant at the 5% level for hepatopathic and diabetic patients. 4. Education on diet, rest and excise, and medication through home care had an effect on improved liver function test scores, prevention of complications and self - care knowledge in hepatopathic patients at a statistically significant level. 5. In hemiplegic patient, home care had an effect on increased grasping power at a significant level. However. there was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the level of compliane, prevention of complications or in self-care practices. 6. In diabetic patients, there was no difference between the experimental and control groups in scores of laboratory tests, appearance of complications, and self-care knowledge or self -care practices. The above findings indicate that a home care program instituted for such short term as 6 months period could not totally demonstrate its effectiveness at a statistically significant level by quantitative analysis however, what was shown in part in this analysis, and in the continuous consultation sought by those who had been in the experimental group, is that home health care has a great potential in retarding or preventing pathological progress, facilitating rehabilitative and productive life, and improving quality of life by adding comfort, confidence and strength to patients and their families. For the further studies of this kind with chronic patients it is recommended that a sample of newly diagnosed patients be followed up for a longer period of time with more frequent observations to demonstrate a more dear- cut picture of the effectiveness of home care.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.531-541
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• 2014

This research investigated the reproduction cycle, litter size, and the effects of factors of red-tongue viper snake inhabiting in Jeju Island, to delve into their life strategy. Field survey was conducted in Jeju Island from May 2006 to November 2008. Reproduction cycle was analyzed through measurements of testis and follicle sizes in laboratory from March 2009 to December 2010. According to the research results, the sizes of red-tongue viper snake's testis and follicle clearly changed seasonally. The number of eggs within the oviduct were greater on the right side ($2.6{\pm}1.0$ eggs, n=16) than on the left side ($1.8{\pm}0.5$ eggs, n=16) (t=-2,721, p<0.05). Average (${\pm}SD$) of survival litter size (SLS) was $4.4{\pm}1.7$ (1~9, range), while total litter size (TLS) was $4.7{\pm}1.5$ (3~9, range), which were not statistically significant. However, their litter sizes were similar to the number of eggs within the oviduct (t=0.039, P>0.05). Relative litter mass (RCM) was $0.42{\pm}0.13$ (0.18~0.79, n=33), and tended to increase, as maternal condition of pre-parturition (MCPPI) was getting better. The sexual ratio of delivered litters showed no significant difference between male and female red-tongue viper snakes (♂:♀ = 1.15:1, n=73 ; ${\chi}^2$=0.342, P>0.5). Average neonate mass showed a weak correlation with maternal mass of pre-parturition (MMPP1) (r=0.387, P<0.05, n=33). Average neonate Snout-vent length (SVL) also demonstrated a weak correlations with maternal SVL (r=0.399, P<0.05, n=33) and MMPP1 (r=0.344, P<0.05, n=33). Average neonate mass and maternal SVL approached significant probability (r=0.323, P=0.067, n=33). This indicates that mother snakes can bear bigger litter due to its larger size. In some cases, litter's weight decreases as mother snakes are bearing more litter; however, the red-tongued viper snake did not show such exchange relationship. From this, it can be conjectured that a red-tongued viper snake has peculiarity of its own species. The research results are predicted to be used as the basis to find a life history of red-tongued viper snake.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.157-163
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• 2000

In a previous report, 50 potato cultivars were screened for infestation levels by the coppery click beetle (Selatosomus puncticollis Motschulsky) in the field. Subsequently, we selected 10 potato cultivars (Anco, Atlantic, Bintje, Dejima, Denali, Jopung, Irish Cobbler, Namsuh, Shepody, and Superior) to evaluate feeding preferences by wireworms, and to analyze some factors associated with resistance. The injury rates and number of holes in potato tubers damaged by larvae of S. puncticollis were checked in the field and laboratory. Additionally, some of their chemical characters (contents of glycoalkaloids, total-nitrogen, Ca, K, Mg, sugars, and starch) were quantified. And finally correlation analysis was conducted to see whether there is a possible relationship between these characteristics and the damage level. The tuber injury rates by S. puncticollis larvae were generally high showing 19% to 73% of damage level. The highest number of tuber hole damaged by S. puncticollis larvae was found on cv. Namsuh, but generally fewer on cvs. Anco, Atlantic, Bintje, Denali and Superior. No activities for $\alpha$-chaconine, $\alpha$-solanine and $\alpha$-tomatine at a concentration of 2,500 ppm were found to S. puncticollis larvae. The contents of glycoalkaloids in tuber were different depending on cultivars. In tubers, cv. Superior contained the highest level of 18.8 mg%, but cv. Irish Cobbler had the lowest level of 6.39 mg%. Concentrations of reducing sugars and total free sugars in tubers of cv. Namsuh were 0.71 % and 2.95%, but 0.26% and 1.77% in those of cv. Dejima, respectively. For the content of potato starch, cvs. Bintje, Dejima and Irish Cobbler showed higher level, but cvs. Jopung and Shepody lower. The highest contents of total nitrogen, Ca, K and Mg in tuber were found on cvs. Anco, Atlantic, Anco and Jopung, respectively. From correlation analyses, injury rate by S. puncticollis larvae was correlated with total nitrogen content (r = -0.71435*) and total sugar content in tuber (r = 0.78018*). Such information will become essential in developing integrated pest management programs and also in breeding new potato cultivars resistant to the wireworms.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.118-128
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• 2006

This study was conducted to determination of the endocrine distruptor function of 'Parabens' by dosing ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, butyl paraben and isobutyl paraben to the immature SD rats. 18 groups were given vehicle control group, negative control group (Dibutyl phthalate), postive control group ($1'7-{\alpha}$ Ethynylestrdiol) and each paraben groups involved 3 dose level. Rats were injected with 62.5, 250 and 1,000mg/kg from postnatal day 19 till 21 once a day in subcutaneous and a total 3, times. There was no treatment related death. but, subcutaneous nodule, edema, alopecia and scrub formation on injection site was observed. These signs was become worse in high dose level. these signs was cause from physical stimulation by test substance which parabens were mix with com oil as vehicle. In the analysis of organ weights, absolute and relative weights of brain, spleen, liver, thymus, heart, kidneys, adrenals, ovaries and vagina were no difference with control group. but, wet and blotted weight of uterus was increased in every high dose parabens treat group. Especially, all dose level of isobutyl paraben was showed increment of uterus weight. uterus dilatation of parabens treated group was observed in gross anatomic pathology and these result was agree with wet and blotted weight of uterus. In the result of this study, estrogenic effect as endocrine distruptor was observed in ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, butyl paraben and isobutyl paraben. and it was considered isobutyl paraben has highest estrogrnic effect under the condition of this study.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.63-79
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• 1974

1. The purpose of this study. The purpose of this study is to plan and investigate short-term nursing education of two-years associate degree program to produce middle-level professional nurses which are needed by-society and nation. Current nursing education in Korea is divided into four years degree program, three years diploma program Even (though) there are differences in the aims of their education, the curriculums are not much different between the education for producing leaders which is its basic purpose and training middle-level professional nurses. Therefore the purpose of associate degree program lies in minimizing the waste of time and finance which are invested for long-term education for middle-level professional nurses. And also this coincide with the policy of national technical training and definite supply of nurse manpower according to health policy for effective role and ability of nurse. 2. The method of study. This is based on the study of literature, research on the actual condition and investigation of opinion- through questionnaire. L) The study of literature: Domestic and foreign literatures for two years associate degree program were studied and investigated. 2) Research on the actual condition : Current three years nursing education program was collected and analysed. 3) Investigation of opinion. The problem of curried nursing education system and the possibility of two years associate degree program were investigated through questionnaire. 3. The result of the study. 1) The trend of recent nursing education. a. The aims of nursing in past chiefly taking care of physical disease of patient has recently changed to nursing of character including physical, mental, socio-economic, educational and psychological condition. b. For the performing systematic and effective nurse's duty according to her role, the-change of educational system which is classified as a range of education the period of education and certificate after graduation has been enforced or fulfilled. c. Nursing education also has a trend to become a collage or two years associate degree program which can get same legal protection as other educational institutions whose basic purpose is education. Attached nursing school to hospital is getting disappeared because of disadvantage of educational system. 2) Problems. Depending upon research on actual condition of current 3 years nursing education program. a. There are too many subjects. b. Contents of education could be doubled because major subjects are subdivided in detail. c. The credits for graduation are too heavy comparing to the period of study or the ability of students. (The necessary credits are 150.8 for three years according to actual investigation 4. There is no certain standard in organizing curriculum therefore there are too much differences between schools. 4. Basic Plan. The plan for two years associate degree program in nursing education depending on demand of professional nursing field of society is based on following items. 1) Training middle-level professional nurse lay emphasis on liberal arts and basic major field. 2) Liberal arts are divided into required and optional subjects and students could take courses by choice. 3) Major subjects are compound together by fields and they become the sciences of nursing Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ and every items has its educational purposes and contents major study includes laboratory practice and clinical experience. 4) The required credits for graduation are to which means 17-18 credits a semester. The above has been planned to solve the problems of current three years nursing education program. In conclusion for the achievement of this system, following items are needed. 1) It is necessary to change educational administration and system such as amendment of educational law or order of educational application of law. 2) Qualified professors should be available to understand and develope the idea or purpose of this educational system. 3) Local medical institutions should be opened widely and educational for clinical training. 4) The job after graduation should he secured positively.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.261-269
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• 1995

A practical control diet was prepared and compared with raw fish ($80\%$ frozen horse mackerel + $20\%$ commercial binder meal) and moist pellet ($50\%$ frozen horse mackerel + $50\%$commercial binder meal) diets to develop a practical diet formulation for Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Korean rockfish averaging 68.5g were fed with the three experimental diets for 11 months. Final average body weight was approximately 330g and showed no significant difference between fish groups (P>0.05). Feed efficiency of fish from control diet was significantly lower than those of fish from raw fish and moist pellet diets (P<0.05). Protein and lipid retention efficiency of fish ranged $26.9-28.8\%$ and $86.5-110.2\%$, respectively, without any significant difference between the different diets. At the end of the experiment, chemical composition for the various parts of fish body and flesh quality of the raw fish were examined. The data showed that there was no significant difference between fish from the different diet groups for moisture, protein and lipid contents of whole body, liver, and dorsal muscle. Also, thirty three panelists did not find any difference in color, smell, texture, and taste of the raw fish flesh. These results suggest that Korean rockfish can be cultured with a laboratory practical feed without any negative effects on growth, nutrient utilization, chemical composition of fish, and quality of raw fish. Therefore, the next step in developing practical feed is to modify the control diet for improving fish performance and reducing feed cost.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.123-134
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• 2012

Hydrochemical analyses, carbon isotopic (${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$) analyses, and noble gas isotopic ($^3He/^4He$ and $^4He/^{20}Ne$) analyses of the Dalki carbonate waters in the Chungsong area were carried out to elucidate their hydrochemical composition and to determine the source of $CO_2$ gas and noble gases. The carbonate waters have a pH of between 5.93 and 6.33, and an electrical conductivity 1950 to $3030{\mu}S/cm$. The chemical composition of all carbonate waters was Ca(Mg)-$HCO_3$, with a high Na content. The contents of Fe, Mn, and As in some carbonate waters exceed the limit stipulated for drinking water. The concentrations of major ions are slightly higher than those reported previously. The ${\delta}^{13}C_{DIC}$ values range from -6.70‰ to -4.47‰, indicating that the carbon originated from a deep-seated source. The $^3He/^4He$ and $^4He/^{20}Ne$ ratios vary from $7.67{\times}10^{-6}$ to $8.38{\times}10^{-6}$ and from 21.32 to 725.7, respectively. On the $^3He/^4He$ versus $^4He/^{20}Ne$ diagram, the noble gas isotope ratios plot in the field of a deep-seated source, such as mantle or magma. We therefore conclude that $CO_2$ gas and noble gas in the Dalki carbonate waters originated from a deep-seated source, rather than an inorganic $CO_2$ origin as suggested in a previous study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 1991

The difference between Kimchi, Japanese pickles, Korean Salted and fermented fish intestines and Japanese Salted and fermented fish intestines was investigated by comparising composition of inorganic cation in them. A high-performance liqid chromatography was used for the determination of Na, K, Ca and Mg in Kimchi, Japanese pickles and Salted and fermented fish intestines. The Kimchi samples analyzed were produced in the home, in the restaurant, in the nunnery and by food manufactures in Korea, and the pickles used were produced by food manufactures in Japan, and Salted and fermented fish intestines used were produced by food manufactures in Korea or Japan. The results obtained were summarized as following: (1) Sodium chloride in Kimchi was $1.8{\pm}0.37%$, $2.8{\pm}0.60%$ in Asazuke, Japanese picles which the fresh vegitables was seasoned with sodium chloride and seasoning, $1.8{\pm}0.32%$ in Japanese Kimchi, Japanese pickles which the fresh vegitables was seasoned with the mixture of sodium chloride, garlic powder, red peper's powder and seasoning, $5.3{\pm}0.66%$ in Shoyu Zuke, Japanese pickles which the salted vegetables was seasoned with sodium chloride and seasoning after desalting. (2) Na/K value in Kimchi was $1.7{\pm}0.17$ and $4.6{\pm}1.44$ in Asazuke, $2.6{\pm}0.85$ in Japanese Kimchi and $27.3{\pm}6.79$ in Shoyu zuke respectively. (3) Kimchi contained more K and Ca than Japanese pickles. (4) Kimchi remarkably contained the Ca originating to salted and fermented fish intestines. As the results of this study, it was presumed that while Kimchi and Japanese pickles is well known as a food that contributed to high blood pressure, Kimchi and Japanese Kimchi might not cause the high blood pressure because they have an excellent balance of Na/K value and low Na content. And also it was considered that these differences might be caused by the difference of th food taste between and Korean and Japanese people.