• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.109-117
• /
• 2010

This study conducts a case analysis based on the Olympic Forest Park in Beijing, which is specially designed for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The construction of the Olympic Forest Park not only comprises the design philosophy of city parks and forest parks, but also applies Chinese traditional design elements. This study, first, researches on the design concepts of city parks in the context of traditional landscape architecture elements from both physical and cultural perspectives. The author studies the related materials including the"General Introduction of the Beijing Olympic Forest Park Landscape Plan", and employs the approaches of site investigation and user survey and interview, to analyze the cognition and preference degree of the various traditional design elements displayed in the Olympic Forest Park. To quantize the survey data on the Olympic Forest Park, this study uses the spss(v17.0) software to run a frequency analysis and presents detailed demographic, frequencies and means analyses. The author then reaches the conclusion on the preference degree of the various Chinese traditional design elements in the Olympic Forest Park. According to the analysis result, the elements that appear with the highest frequencies are mountains and waters, traditional garden plants and artistic conception. The most favorable elements are in sequence traditional garden architecture, traditional garden philosophical thinking and artistic conception. The Olympic Forest Park in Beijing is constructed on the basis of multiple design elements, comprising Chinese traditional design elements and the historical axis. As an exemplification of contemporary city park that reflects the variation of age and development of society, the Olympic Forest Park offers the reference for the selection of traditional design elements in the future schemes of city parks. However, due to the difficulty in gathering materials about the Forest Park and the limitations on the location and time constrain of the survey, there exists lack of sufficiency that could be improved in the future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.206-213
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare dietary habits, perception, and consumption frequency of fast foods between part-time working youths at fast food restaurants and those at other food-related services. Methods: The study subjects were part-time working youths in 13 fast food restaurants (n = 118) and in 25 other places including bakeries, cafes, convenience stores, and other restaurants (n = 115) in Cheongju. Demographic characteristics, dietary habits, perception regarding fast foods, and consumption frequencies of food groups and fast foods were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Female youths working at fast food restaurants had unhealthier dietary habits, such as meal skipping and night snacking compared to those working at other places. Consumption frequencies of fruits in males and beans/bean products in females working at fast food restaurants were significantly lower than those working at other places. Perception score on fast foods was significantly lower in males working at fast food restaurants than in males working at other places. However, the consumption frequencies of hamburgers, pizzas, and a total of six fast foods among both males and females working at fast food restaurants were significantly higher than those working at other places after adjusting for confounding variables including age, status, type of residence, allowance, alcohol, smoking, working hours, and hourly pay. Conclusion: Part-time working youths at fast food restaurants had worse dietary habits, such as meal skipping and night snacking, and consumed fast foods more frequently than those working at other places. Interventions for part-time working youths at fast food restaurants may be needed in order to reduce fast food consumption and increase the intake of fruits and vegetables.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.447-460
• /
• 2013

Dietary supplement use is prevalent and represents an important source of nutrition. This study was conducted in order to assess the dietary maximum exposure of vitamins and minerals from various sources including regular diet, vitamin mineral supplements for non-prescription drug (VMS-NPD), vitamin mineral supplements for health functional foods (VMS-HFF), and fortified foods (FF). A total of 1,407 adolescent boys and girls attending middle or high schools were chosen from various cities and rural communities in Korea. Users of vitamin and mineral supplements (n = 60, 15-18 years of age) were chosen from the above 1,407 students. Intake of vitamins and minerals from a regular diet and FF was assessed by both food record method and direct interview for three days of two weekdays and one weekend, and those from VMS-NPD and VMS-HFF were assessed by both questionnaire and direct interview, and compared with the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) and the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for Korean adolescents. Daily average exposure range of vitamins and minerals from a regular diet was 0.3 to 4.4 times of the RNI. Some subjects had an excessive exposure to the UL in the following areas: from regular diets, vitamin A (1.7%) and niacin (5.0%); from only VMS-NPD, vitamin C (9.1%) and iron (5.6%); and from only VMS-HFF, niacin (8.6%) > vitamin $B_6$ (7.5%) > folic acid (2.9%) > vitamin C (2.3%). Nutrients of daily total intake from regular diet, VMS-NPD, VMS-HFF, and FF higher than the UL included nicotinic acid for 33.3% of subjects, and, then, in order, vitamin C (26.6%) > vitamin A (13.3%), iron (13.3%) > zinc (11.7%) > calcium (5.0%) > vitamin E (1.7%), vitamin $B_6$ (1.7%). Thus, findings of this study showed that subjects may potentially be at risk due to overuse of supplements, even though most of them took enough vitamins and minerals from their regular diet. Therefore, we should encourage adolescents to have sound health care habits through systematic and educational aspects.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2008

Perpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of death between Korean and Chinese nursing students. And it will help develop curriculum for preparing death, the quality of hospice care, as well as nursing education and practice. Methods: Data was collected from 492 nursing students participated(248 Korean and 244 Chinese) by questionnaire designed for examining Death Orientation (Thorson & Powell, 1988). They were analyzed using Cronbach's Alpha coefficients, factor analysis, t-test, ANOVA and regression analysis (SPSS; win 12.0 version) Results: More than half of the Korean nursing students followed a religion (58.5%) while the majority of Chinese nursing students did not follow a religion (93.9%). In the view of the afterlife, nursing students in China had two views. 'I really don't know what happens after a person dies (30.3%)' and ‘There is no afterlife and death is the end (29.5%)’. On the other hand the Korean nursing students’ answer were, 'After dying, a person goes to heaven or hell (27.3%)' and 'I really don't know what happens after a person dies. (22.9%)' The study also found that the average of 25 items in Death Orientation is 2.36points of nursing students in Korea and 2.50points of nursing students in China. This means that the concern, anxiety and fear were of the middle level for the Chinese Students and were higher than Korean students (t=3.51, p=.000). In the low factor of death orientation, those in Korea had higher 'anxiety of burden to family' than those in China (t=-3.50, p=.001). The nursing students in China had higher 'anxiety of the unknown (t=4.96, p=.000)', 'fear of suffering (t=6.88, p=.000), 'fear of extinction body and life (t=5.20, p=.000), 'fear of lost self-control(t=2.12, p=.034)', and 'anxiety of future existence and nonexistence (t=2.33, p=.020)' than those in Korea. There was no statistically significant difference for the 'concern of body and fear of identity lost' category. The death orientation of Korean nursing students had statistically significant differences according to age (t=3.20, p=.002), religion (t=2.56, p=.011), and afterlife (F=4.64, p=.000). The contribution of Death Orientation had a statistically significant difference, the afterlife variable (0.735, p=0.001). The death orientation of Chinese nursing students did not have any statistically significant differences. Conclusion: In conclusion, there were differences in death orientation between Korean and Chinese nursing students. In particular, those who believed in afterlife showed acceptance of death. The results of this study suggest that nursing curricula should include education program on death and spiritual nursing. Additional studies are needed to establish death education in China with careful considerations on Chinese policies, cultures and social systems.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.41-51
• /
• 1985

This study has been to survey the present situation of satisfaction to the occupation and dental laboratory by means of selscting 200 dental technicians who are woked in Pusan, Deagu, Kwangju, Deajun. Questionaires were distributed to them and the summerized results were as follows; 1. In general, the dental technician's satisfaction of the occpation was revealed as moderate(Mn, 2.83), the dental technician's satisfaction of the laboratory was revealas moderate(Mn, 2.80). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of occpation was the outlook(Mn, 3.23), and the lowest degree item was the advancement and the rise to a high position(Mn, 2.22). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was dental material(Mn, 3.07), and the lowest degree item was the equipment of dust collection(Mn, 2.49) 2. By age, the highest degree item out of the satisfaction of occpation was 30 to 43 group(Mn, 3.28), 50 and over group was the lowest degree item(Mn, 2.89). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was 40 to 50 group(Mn, 3.10), the lowest degree item was 35 to 39 group(Mn, 2.88). 3. By school career, the satisfaction of occpation and dental laboratory were higher in the graduated college group than the graduated highschool group. 4. By personal health state, the highest degree item of the satisfaction of occpation was the health group(Mn, 3.25). The highest degree item of the satisfaction of laboratory was the unhealthy group(Mn, 3.07). 5. By religion, the satisfaction if iccupation of laboratory ws higher in the religious group than the non-religious group. 6. By job career, the highest degree item of occupation satisfaction was 15 to 20 years group(Mn, 3.27), the lowest degree item was 20 and over group(Mn, 3.02). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was 15 to 20 years group(Mn, 3.05), The lowest degree item was 7 to 10 years group (Mn, 2.90). 7. By job position, the highest degree item out of satisfaction of occupation was the chief of laboratory group(Mn, 3.33), the head of laboratory group was the lowest degree item(Mn, 3.07). The hightest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was the head of laboratory group(Mn, 3.10), the lowest degree item was the chief of laboratory group(Mn, 2.88). 8. By the place of employment, the degree of occpational satisfaction by items was found that the highest degree in the group engagel in general hospital(Mm, 3.43), the group engaged in dental clinic and hospital(Mn. 3.24), and the dental laboratory group(Mn. 3.14) in order. The difference among the group was significant emough(P<0.05). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was dental laboratory group(Mn. 2.70). The difference among the group was significant emough(P<0.01). 9. By monthly salary, the highest degree item out of the satisfaction of occupation was ￦500,000 to 600,000 group(Mn. 3.32), the lowest degree item was ￦600,000 and over group(Mn, 3.07). The highest degree item out of the laboratory satisfaction was ￦100,000 to 200,000 group(Mn, 3.03), the lowest degree group was ￦300,000 to 400,000 group(Mn, 2.95). 10. As compared with the degree of satisfaction according to job satisfaction, the highest degree item out of the occupational satisfaction was much satisfied group(Mn, 3.65), the lowest degree item was non-satisfied group(Mn, 2.68). The difference among the group was significant enough(P<0.05). The highest degree item out of the satisfaction of laboratory was non-satisfied group(Mn, 30.9), the lowest degree item was satisfied group(Mn, 2.84). The difference among the group was significant enough(P<0.01).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.169-179
• /
• 2009

This study aims to present a fundamental data base to figure out the mental and the physical conditions that the dental technicians are facing and ultimately to develop a health care program to deal with their health related problems. To this end, we took an analysis on the health status among the subjects of 895 dental technicians currently working at the dental lab around the nation from January 15 to March 31, 2009 by way or Todai Health Index(THI). Of the average scale point in accordance with 12 scale scores of the physical and the mental subjective symptom, the results revealed that the physical appeals (21.10) were higher than the mental appeals (18.49) and the multiple subjective symptom was marked as 38.44 followed by the mental irritability (25.92). In gender differences, the females proved to be higher than the males in both physical appeals and mental appeals while the physical appeals were dominant in both genders. The physical appeals were higher than the mental appeals with regard to the general characteristics. In the case or the group or age twenties as shown in the physical and mental average scale point, the other groups showed 21.55% of the physical appeals among the married whereas the mental appeals showed the highest point as 18.70 in the unmarried group. In job position, the other groups marked the highest, in working condition, below average group marked the highest, in frequency of break time, none group marked the highest. We drew a conclusion form this study that the dental technicians gained the higher points in the item or the multiple subjective symptom, the menial irritability, and the irregular life. More research on th is phenomena should be followed along with the development of various and practical health care programs to promote the health or dental technicians.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
• /
• v.59 no.12
• /
• pp.1166-1172
• /
• 2018

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy, and identify predictors of success of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients after adjusting for intraocular pressure (IOP) changes in the untreated fellow eye. Methods: This retrospective chart review included 52 eyes of 52 OAG patients who underwent SLT in one eye and were followed-up for at least 1 year after the procedure. The IOP was measured before the treatment, at 1, 2, and 3 months posttreatment, and every 3 months thereafter. To account for the possible influence of IOP fluctuations on laser outcomes, post-laser IOP values of the treated eye of each patient were also analyzed, after adjusting for IOP changes in the untreated fellow eye. Success was defined as an IOP decrease ${\geq}20%$ of the pretreatment IOP. The success rate was determined based on Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and factors predictive of success were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Results: The mean pretreatment IOP was $23.17{\pm}6.96mmHg$. The mean IOP reduction was $5.59{\pm}4.78mmHg$ (29.7%) and the success rate was 65.4% at 1 year. The adjusted mean IOP reduction was $4.70{\pm}4.67mmHg$ (23.9%) and the adjusted success rate was 53.9%. Pretreatment IOP was associated with SLT success; the higher the pretreatment IOP, the greater the post-laser IOP reduction (p = 0.025). Age and mean deviation index did not show a significant association with SLT success (p = 0.066 and p = 0.464, respectively). Conclusions: SLT is a safe and effective alternative method of IOP reduction in OAG patients. Herein, pretreatment IOP was the only factor significantly associated with SLT success. IOP fluctuations of the untreated eye should be considered for a better understanding of the impact of treatment.

• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
• /
• no.45
• /
• pp.263-289
• /
• 2014

King Munjong(文宗), the eleventh King of the Goryeo Dynasty, was the son of King Hyeonjong(顯宗), the eighth king, and the younger stepbrother(異母弟) of King Jeongjong(靖宗), the 10th king. Although King Jeongjong had four sons, he abdicated the throne to King Munjong. King Taejo(太祖) had opened the possibility for sons other than the eldest son to succeed to the throne. When King Jeongjong died, his sons were children under the age of 10 years. In the early period of the Goryeo Dynasty, when kings had young sons, there were precedents of abdicating the throne to their grown-up younger brothers. In addition, King Jeongjong and Munjong had an identical blood background. During the period, Goryeo people also naturally accepted the fact that a former king's younger brother succeeded to the throne. In this background, King Munjong ascended the throne. However, King Munjong did not ascend the throne after identifying state affairs with politic power. Therefore, he needed to increase his authority as the king. Moreover, as the sons of King Jeongjong had grown up, they could stir up trouble in future succession to the throne. Therefore, King Munjong intended to concentrate power on himself and remove trouble in future succession to the throne by selecting his son as successor to the throne. After the installation of Wangtaeja(王太子, the Crown Prince), King Munjong expanded and organized Donggunggwan(東宮官, the establishment of Secretariat of Wangtaeja) and carried out various rituals related to Wangtaeja. The control system for Donggunggwan was completed institutionally in 1068. At this time, the newly organized Donggunggwan was operated as a miniature version of the central government office. In addition, the ritual for the installation of Taeja, which was held in 1054, complied with regulated procedures. After the ritual of the installation, a ceremony to congratulate on Jangheungjeol(長興節, the birthday of Wangtaeja) was held in 1056. In 1064, the wedding ritual of Taeja took place, and the ritual for Taeja regulated in Yeji(禮志) of "Goryeosa(高麗史)" was carried out. In addition, the installation of Wangtaeja was made known overseas, and the Taeja of Goryeo was proclaimed by the Kitan three times. Such various measures played an important role in strengthening the status of Taeja as the man of authority next to the king. Later, Taeja demonstrated his status as the man of authority following the king by participating in state affairs on behalf of King Munjong who was not able to move about freely in his later years.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.26
• /
• pp.465-485
• /
• 2012

Instructing "History of Spanish Literature" class faces various types of limits and obstacles, just as other foreign language literature history classes do. Majority of students enter the university without having any previous spanish learning experience, which means, for them, even the interpretation of the text itself can be difficult. Moreover, the fact that "History of Spanish Literature" is traced all the way back to the Middle Age, students encounter even more difficulties and find factors that make them feel the class is not interesting. To list several, such factors include the embarrassment felt by the students, antiquated expressions, literature texts filled with deliberately broken grammars, explanations written in pretentious vocabularies, disorderly introduction of many different literary works that ignores the big picture, in which in return, reduces academic interest in students, and finally general lack of interest in literate itself due to the fact that the following generation is used to visual media. Although recognizing such problem that causes the distortion of the value of our lives and literature is a very imminent problem, there has not even been a primary discussion on such matter. Thus, the problem of what to teach in "History of Spanish Literature" class remains unsolved so far. Such problem includes wether to teach the history of authors and literature works, or the chronology of the text, the correlations, and what style of writing to teach first among many, and how to teach to read with criticism, and how to effectively utilize the limited class time to teach. However, unfortunately, there has not been any sorts of discussion among the insructors. I, as well, am not so proud of myself either when I question myself of how little and insufficiently did I contemplate about such problems. Living in the era so called the visual media era or the crisis of humanity studies, now there is a strong need to bring some change in the education of literature history. To suggest a solution to make such necessary change, I recommended to incorporate the visual media, the culture or custom that students are accustomed to, to the class. This solution is not only an attempt to introduce various fields to students, superseding the mere literature reserch area, but also the result that reflects the voice of students who come from a different cultural background and generation. Thus, what not to forget is that the bottom line of adopting a new teaching method is to increase the class participation of students and broaden the horizon of the Spanish literature. However, the ultimate goal of "History of Spanish Literature" class is the contemplation about humanity, not the progress in linguistic ability. Similarly, the ultimate goal of university education is to train students to become a successful member of the society. To achieve such goal, cultural approach to the literature text helps not only Spanish learning but also pragmatic education. Moreover, it helps to go beyond of what a mere functional person does. However, despite such optimistic expectations, foreign literature class has to face limits of eclecticism. As for the solution, as mentioned above, the method of teaching that mainly incorporates cultural text is a approach that fulfills the students with sensibility who live in the visual era. Second, it is a three-dimensional and sensible approach for the visual era, not an annotation that searches for any ambiguous vocabularies or metaphors. Third, it is the method that reduces the burdensome amount of reading. Fourth, it triggers interest in students including philosophical, sociocultural, and political ones. Such experience is expected to stimulate the intellectual curiosity in students and moreover motivates them to continues their study in graduate school, because it itself can be an interesting area of study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.51-60
• /
• 2021

Modern society is becoming more informed and intelligent with the development of digital technology, in which humans, objects, and networks relate with each other. In accordance with the changing times, a garden system has emerged that makes it easy to supply the ideal temperature, humidity, sunlight, and moisture conditions to grow plants. Therefore, this study attempted to grasp the concept, perception, and trends of smart gardens, a recent concept. To achieve the purpose of this study, previous studies and text mining were used, and the results are as follows. First, the core characteristics of smart gardens are new gardens in which IoT technology and gardening techniques are fused in indoor and outdoor spaces due to technological developments and changes in people's lifestyles. As technology advances and the importance of the environment increases, smart gardens are becoming a reality due to the need for living spaces where humans and nature can co-exist. With the advent of smart gardens, it will be possible to contribute to gardens' vitalization to deal with changes in garden-related industries and people's lifestyles. Second, in current research related to smart gardens and users' experiences, the technical aspects of smart gardens are the most interesting. People value smart garden functions and technical aspects that enable a safe, comfortable, and convenient life, and subjective uses are emerging depending on individual tastes and the comfort with digital devices. Third, looking at the usage behavior of smart gardens, they are mainly used in indoor spaces, with edible plants are being grown. Due to the growing importance of the environment and concerns about climate change and a possible food crisis, the tendency is to prefer the cultivation of plants related to food, but the expansion of garden functions can satisfying users' needs with various technologies that allow for the growing of flowers. In addition, as users feel the shapes of smart gardens are new and sophisticated, it can be seen that design is an essential factor that helps to satisfy users. Currently, smart gardens are developing in terms of technology. However, the main components of the smart garden are the combination of humans, nature, and technology rather than focusing on growing plants conveniently by simply connecting potted plants and smart devices. It strengthens connectivity with various city services and smart homes. Smart gardens interact with the landscape of the architect's ideas rather than reproducing nature through science and technology. Therefore, it is necessary to have a design that considers the functions of the garden and the needs of users. In addition, by providing citizens indoor and urban parks and public facilities, it is possible to share the functions of communication and gardening among generations targeting those who do not enjoy 'smart' services due to age and bridge the digital device and information gap. Smart gardens have potential as a new landscaping space.