• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.201-213
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• 2000

The aim of this study is to survey the eating habits and nutritional knowledge of children in Pusan, with a view to uncovering problems and their underlying causes and cultivating desirable dietary habit and nutrition for children. Three hundred and fifty six elementary school students were asked questions about their eating habits and nutritional knowledge as well as general information about their personal characteristics. The results showed: 1. Only 53.5% of the subjects had breakfast every day. Seventy-six percent of the subjects had dinner every day. Only 40% of the children took meals and talked with family at both breakfast and dinner. Thus there was little opportunity for dietary guidance by parents. 2. About half of the subjects answered that their appetite decreased after eating snack foods between meals. A third of the subjects liked the baked goods as snacks. Because of their high sugar and fat content, they can damage children's health, resulting in child diabetes and tooth decay. For this reason, careful education is necessary to allow children to be able to select snack foods that are appropriate in kind and quantity. 3. About 85% of the subjects had an unbalanced diet. Therefore systematic nutrition education at school is necessary to instill in children the value of balanced diet. 4. Children preferred rice to other cereals as a staple food. They disliked kimchi, seasoned and blanched foods and salads as subsidiary foods. It is therefore necessary to teach children systematically the nutritional advantage of cereals and vegetables and to heighten their awareness of Korean food culture. 5. Children had a low level of nutritional knowledge. The knowledge of specific nutrients was lower than that of foods. In conclusion, systematical educational programs need to be developed at elementary school. These should include information about achieving a balanced diet, good eating habit, meal management and Korean dietary culture. Nutritional education at home must be emphasized.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the preference and perception on fruits especially, focusing on apples and pears served in elementary school lunch programs. The subjects of this study were 1,106 students (504 female and 595 male students)from seven elementary schools in Seoul. The survey was conducted by using self-administered questionnaire from July 10 to July 20, 2006. Based on the frequency analysis results, 45% of respondents ate fruits every day and 42% had fruits 2-3 times per week. Approximately, 53% of respondents indicated their usual time to eat fruits was after dinner and secondly 27% had fruits between lunch and dinner. Majority of respondents chose a watermelon as the most preferred fruits and the first chosen among nine fruits (apple, pear, madarin, strawberry, cherry tomato, watermelon, grape, melon, and peach). Cherry tomato was found as the least preferred fruits by 30% of students, however cherry tomato was most frequently offered fruits in elementary school lunch menu. About 50% students were satisfied with the served fruits in their school lunch program. In addition, most students said that they would have fruits more frequently in their lunch menu. However, one fifth of students addressed that they were not satisfied with the fruits in school lunch program because of kinds of fruits, freshness of fruits, taste of fruits, and quantity of fruits. Almost 71% of students preferred apples. Seventy three percents of students preferred eating apples without peel and 78% of students ate apples as slices of apples. In addition, 61% of students indicated their preference of apple salads. Many students responded they did not eat apples and pears frequently since they do not have a chance to eat them. The implications to increase the chance to eat fruits and promote elementary children's fruits consumption were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.23-40
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine co-ed high school students' concern for appearance, weight control attitude and food behavior. The subjects were 405 students(boys 197, girls 208) in Sokcho area. Most of the students had much interest in appearance, and their perception of body type was significant differences between boys and girls(p<,00l). 22.8% of boys expressed satisfaction at their own body type. while just 9,6% of the girls were contented with their body type. In interest toward weight control. 43.7% of the boys and 79.8% of the girls had a regard for weight control. In relationship between weight control interest and the body type perception, there were significant differences among group of caring about weight control. moderate group and indifferent group(p<,00l), regardless of gender. As a whole, 41.3% of group that cared about weight control found themselves a little fat. Most of the boys who considered themselves thin(24,4%) were much concerned about weight control. where as girls who thought of themselves as thin were little interested in. Body type satisfaction was significant differences among interested group, moderate group and indifferent group(p<.00l). It appeared that they had breakfast very irregularly, But 86.9% of the total students had dinner, which indicated dinner was taken relatively on a regular basis. Among three meals, dinner was skipped the least, 23,5% (17.8% of the boys and 28,9% of the girls) went without breakfast everyday. For the reason, 65.1% of the overall students didn't eat breakfast due to time constraints, and lunch(39.8%) and dinner(31.3%) were skipped largely because eating them was troublesome. Less students went without meals to lose weight. and lunch(7.0%) was skipped more than breakfast(1.3%), and dinner(13,8%) was skipped more than lunch, This study suggested that nutrition education for high school students should be planned to provide nutrition information regarding desirable weight control as well as modifying diets and food behaviors.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.519-533
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the nutrition knowledge, dietary attitudes, and dietary habits of girl's high school students in Kunsan, and to investigate their recognition of food-nutrition labeling. The results are summarized as follows. General nutrition knowledge is relatively low, with an average of 0.57. It was shown that high school female students skipped breakfast rather than lunch or dinner, with a skipping rate of 28.9% for breakfast, 0.7% for lunch, and 8.6% for dinner. Regarding snacks, 35.5% of all the surveyed students had 1 snack per day, with 31.9% having them between lunch and dinner. The most popular snacks include biscuits (22.3%), noodles (18.3%) and bakery (13.3%). The most popular response was that students 'sometimes checked' the food label of processed domestic and imported processed food. The level of satisfaction with food labels is moderate, with an average of 2.96, out of 5. The most satisfactory title about food labels was 'helpful for food selection' with 3.19. On the other hand, the least satisfactory title was 'understands the label' with 2.78. Regarding the identification of the nutrition labeling, the highest response was 'sometimes watched, sometimes not' with 40.5%. Products which were most often checked were milk/milk products (3.44), snacks/bread (3.33), and soft drinks (3.07). Among nutrition labeling items, total calories was the most important, followed by fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol and calcium. The question regarding the knowledge of nutrition labeling rated an average of 0.58 (out of 1). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree of the nutrition label verification and the dietary attitude score, along with the nutrition labeling knowledge and the nutrition knowledge score of the subjects. On the other hand, the degree of the nutrition label verification and the knowledge on nutrition labeling had a significant negative correlation. Hence, it is of the opinion that education on properly reading nutrient information is necessary to enable adolescents to apply that in real life. Furthermore, labeling nutritional information on processed fred through a more comprehensive method is deemed necessary as a supporting measure.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dietary attitude and food behavior of elementary, middle and high school students in Korea. The subjects in this study were 7,698 boys and girls in large cities in Korea. The questionnaire was made and distributed to the students to answer the questions. Followings are the results of this study : 1) Father and mother's average ages were 45 and 41 years old, respectively. 2) Most students thought dietary life was more important than clothing or residentary life. Dietary habits such as irregularity of meal, frequencies of skipping meal and of eating out increased in higher grade than in lower grade, and in girls than in boys. 3) Most students, especially in elementary school, recognized that their own bad dietary habbit was unbalanced diet. Irregular meal time and eating too much were also pointed out as problems by middle and high school students. 4) Most students thought that the most effective meal for health was breakfast, but they replied the tartest meal as dinner. 5) Students tended to prefer Korean style food. Cooked rice and kimchi, ramyun, and pizza were ranked the most preferred food when they were hungry. 6) Elementary school students ate meals more regularly than higher grade students, and girls ate meals more regularly than boys. 7) Skipping rate of breakfast was higher than that of lunch or dinner, and the percentage of meal skipping students was increasing with grade elevation. No time to eat or eating between meals was the reasons of irregular meal time. 8) Frequency of dining with family was decreased, but frequency of eating out with friends was increased with increasing grade. The gravity of dining out is increasing rapidly in Korean adolescents. Therefore, nationwide nutrition education policy is necessary to constitute a right dietary environment and a desirable dietary altitude.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.939-948
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• 1998

To investigate the relationship between eating behavior and the prevalence of adolescents drug abuse and smoking, this survey was conducted among 349 male students(mean age ; 16.0 $\pm$0.9yrs) at technical high schools in Kyunggi-Do. It was shown that 58.7% of total subjects were smoking and 11.2% were abusing drugs. Drug abusers weighed Less than non-abusers especially, student smokers were 2.7kg lighter than non-smokers despite the same height. Although parents' education showed no relationship with drug abuse, educational level of student smokers' fathers was significantly lower than that of non-smokers' fathers. Drug abusers and smokers showed significantly higher incidence of runaway from home, absence from school without notice, and parents' divorce than non-abusers and non-smokers. Drugs abused were sleeping pills(n=20), bonds and butane gas(n=9), marijuana(n=3), tranquilizer(n=3), morphine and cocaine(n=2), and pep pills like amphetamine(n=2) 76.9% of the drug abusers had their first experience in junior high school and 81% of the smokers stared smoking as early as in junior high school. Also, 44% of the smokers reported that they smoke daily. The drug abusers tended to have more irregular eating habits than the non-abusers. The smokers showed irregular mealtime, ate either too fast or too slow, and especially, often skipped lunch or dinner. The drug abusers and smokers took little vegetable in their meals and often ate bread or noodles instead of rice for staples. In addition, they preferred taste to nutrition when they had meals. The smokers tended to ingest smaller amount of calcium source such as milk or dinner food and fish with bone although they consume more volume of total foods than the non-smokers. All subjects took less in calorie, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin E, riboflavin, and folic acid than the Recommended Dietary Allowance Those findings suggest that drug abuse and smoking cause bad eating habits that influence unbalanced nutritional state. Therefore, nutrition education should be provided to the adolescents so that they can recognize the disadvantages of drug and smoking and its relation to dietary relation. (Korean J Nutrition 31(5) : 939-948, 1998)

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.368-375
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to provide basic informations for educating juveniles on desirable body image recognition by examining their body image recognition and comparing and finding problems according to gender and body mass index (BMI) in middle school students. The average age of the subjects was 15, their average height was 162.5 cm, their average weight was 53.5 kg, and their average BMI was $20.1\;kg/m^2$. Male students wanted to gain weight and female students wanted to lose weight. As for body shape, female students thought that they were fat more often than male students. Also the more overweight the students were, the higher their concerns and experiences toward weight control. Among weight control methods, exercise scored highest in all BMI groups. Over 80% of the respondents answered that their weight control effort were not systematic such as via professional counseling. As for the frequency of eating breakfast and dinner in female students, the more a student was overweight, the lower their frequency of eating breakfast and dinner. Many respondents answered that a typical meal time was '10~20 minutes'. The average eating habit score for all subjects was 38.0. The eating habit scores of male students were significantly higher than those of female students, and there were no significant differences among BMI groups. Eating habit score of 'I have more than two meals with rice everyday' in female overweight group was significantly higher than those of other two groups. These results indicate that the female students' degree of preference for a slim body shape were higher than those of male students. In addition, weight control by students is not systematic through professional counseling; instead they attempt to control their weight by themselves such as a meal skip, which lead to potential danger that they may lose weight carelessly. Therefore, correct body image recognition is greatly needed, and families and schools should make ceaseless efforts to help students properly control their weight and have correct eating attitudes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.331-347
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• 1996

This study was aimed at comparing the dietary pattern of middle school girls according to family type. As for subjects, sixty girls of M middle school of Taejon city were chosen as a total. They were devided into two groups consisted of thirty subjects respectively ; those who live in single mother's family(SMF) and both parent's family(BPF). In this study, intakes of food and nutrient and dietary behaviors of each group were investigated through two-day dietary records and questionnaire. The results obtained in this study were as follows : 1) Mean daily intake of all nuitrients except calcium were more than RDAs in two groups. However, intake of calcium and rtio of Ca / P were lower than RDAs in two groups. And proportion of less than 2/3 of RDAs of calcium were higher than other nutrients. Intake of iron was more than RDAs, but nutritional status of iron might be poorer considering the food sorce of iron taken by subjects. According to family type, girls of SMF seemed to have more serious to have more serious problem in these nutrients than those of BPF. 2) The average distribution ratios of breakfast, lunch, dinner and snack to total calorie intake was 25.2, 31.3, 24.6 and 18.9 in SMF, and 19.7, 33.1, 24.3 and 22.9 in BPF. Thus it proved that lunch contributed more energy intake than any other meal, and that snack was an important means to supply nutrients for girls of two groups. And energy intake through breakfast of SMF was more than BPF. 3) The major dietary problems of two groups were unbalanced diet, missing meal, and overeating. The degree of sharing meal with family was lower in girls of SMF than those of BPF. The degrees of skipping (p<0.05), or irregularity, or preparing meal by girls(P<0.05) in the case of dinner were tended to be more frequent in SMF than BPF. And number of food taken per day was less various in SMF of 15.2 kinds than BPF of 17.1 kinds(P<0.001). As a conclusion, subjects should take more calcium or iron contained food which is well absorved, and eat diverse foods to improve their nutritional status. And it is also necessary that calorie intake through snack should be diminished, and dinner should be eaten regularly and shared with family if possible. In view of family type, girls of SMF proved to have poorer food habit than those of BPF. Thus, these results shows that dietary pattern of girls is different atcording to family type. Therefore, we should carry out nutritional education for girls considering the difference of dietary pattern by family type. In addition, nutritional education for girls of SMF should be regarded more importantly than those of BPF because girls of SMF might have more chance to manage their meal by themselves and also have more dietary problems.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.467-481
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the biochemical characteristics, intake of energy, and nutrients by household income levels of Korean adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Methods: Data from the 6th (2013 ~ 2015) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) were used for the study. A total of 1,839 (966 boys, 873 girls) subjects were included, and they were divided into four income groups according to their household income level. We examined general characteristics (gender, region of residence, skipping or not-skipping breakfast, lunch, dinner, frequency of eating-out), anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, weight status), biochemical characteristics (fasting plasma glucose, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), the quantitative intake of energy and nutrients using the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes (KDRI), and the qualitative intake evaluated by the nutrition adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean nutrition adequacy ratio (MAR) of the four groups. Results: There were significant differences by income group within the region of residence and the rate of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The low-income group had a higher rate of skipping breakfast, lunch, and dinner. According to the income group, there was a difference in the height of boys, and there was no difference in the weight and obesity of boys and girls. In the biochemical characteristics, only the hematocrit of girls showed differences by income group. The quantitative intake of energy and nutrients compared with KDRI differed by income group. There were differences in energy, carbohydrates, proteins, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and phosphorus levels in boys and protein, vitamin A, niacin, and sodium levels in girls. The qualitative intake of energy and nutrients examined using NAR and MAR also differed according to the income group. The NAR showed differences in calcium in boys and vitamin C and calcium in girls. The MAR revealed differences in both boys and girls by income group. Conclusions: Among adolescents in the low-income group, the rate of skipping meals was high, and the quantitative and qualitative intake of energy and some nutrients was low. It is suggested that the nutritional intake can be improved by lowering the rate of skipping breakfast, lunch, dinner. We suggest that even just providing breakfast in schools can be considered highly effective in improving the rate of avoidance of skipping meals and improving nutrient intake. Also, we suggest that it is necessary to improve the food environment, food availability, and food accessibility through national and social support for low-household income adolescents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.1172-1179
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to determine eating behaviors and nutrient intakes of 256 third grade primary school children(134:boys, 122:girls) in Kwangju. There were no significant differences in the heights, weights, physical circumferences measurements between the boys and girls, but the skinfold thickness measurements were significantly different. Most nutrient intakes were higher than the Rec ommended Dietary Allowances but the intake of energy, calcium, and vitamin E were lower than the RDA. The intakes of calcium, niacin, and vitamin E of the girls were significantly lower than those of the boys. With regard to meal volume, 13.6% of the subjects has been 'much'. With regard to meal speed, 24.6% of the subjects has been 'fast'. The study also found that 50% of the subjects skipped breakfast, 67.6% of the subjects had irregular meal times, 64.6% of the subjects ate snacks after dinner and 85.9% of the subjects ate snacks. These results show that the nutrient intake of children was related to snack eating more than regular meals. With regard to dietary behavior and nutrient intakes, meal volume, meal speed, skipping breakfast, eating snacks and eating snacks after dinner were major influences. But regularity of meal time was not influence on nutrient intakes. These results suggest that children's eating behaviors are in needs of correction. This reasserts the importance of nutrition education to children through teachers, parents and dietitians. The findings of this study should be applied to nutrition education to ensure better physical fitness of children.