• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate functional activities of the free radical scavenging and germ of Glycin max. Merrill fur cytotoxicity toward P338 and L1210 cells derived from mouse. Effect of crude saponin were examined to oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes in liver fractions of Spragae-Dawley(SD) rats. Male rats were fed basic diets of control and experiment diets of 0.5∼1.0% crude saponin. There were no significant differences in hydroxy radical($.$OH) formation of liver mitochondria and microsomes in 1.0% group, while $.$OH formations were significantly decrease in 0.5% and 1.0% saponin compared with control group. Their oxygen radical(O$_2$$\^$$.$/) scavenging activities were significantly decrease in liver cytosol of 0.5% and 1.0% saponin group compared with control group. Soybean germ saponin was isolated purified by the method of HPLC to investigate the cytotoxicity of mouse cells by using the MTT assay. SA-1 saponin fraction of soybean germ showed to inhibit toward growth cell of P338 and L1210 cells and its showed less than 50% cytotoxicity These results suggest that the saponin may play a effective role in attenuating a oxygen radical formations and increasing a scavenger enzyme activities.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.114-119
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• 2013

Potassium is essential for the proper functioning of the ears. The inner ear's endolymph differs from all other extracellular fluids (in its positive potential) and in the ionic compositions in the various parts of the endolymphatic space. Ion concentration of the endolymph is 150 mM of potassium, which is comparable to the concentrations in other organs. Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II: CDDP) is one of the most effective anticancer drugs, widely used against various tumors. However, its clinical use is limited by the onset of severe side effects, including ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. For ototoxicity, a number of evidences in cytotoxic mechanism of cisplatin, including perturbation of redox status, increase in lipid peroxydation, and formation of DNA adduct, have been suggested. Therefore, in this study, the author investigated the relationship between the potassium ions on cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in HEI-OC1 cells associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS). KCNE1 gene expression by the concentration of intracellular potassium appeared in the plasma membrane and increased the concentration of intracellular potassium. Cisplatin decreased the viability of HEI-OC1 cells, but the KCNE1 gene increased. Also, the KCNE1 gene significantly suppressed generation of intracellular ROS by cisplatin. Western blot analysis showed that the KCNE1 gene increased phase II detoxification enzymes markers such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), superoxide dismutase (SOD2), NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductases (NQO1), which were associated with the scavenger of ROS. These results suggest that the KCNE1 gene for intracellular potassium concentration ultimately prevents ROS generation from cisplatin and further contributes to protect auditory sensory hair cells from ROS produced by cisplatin.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.147-167
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• 2000

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of life threatening conditions such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and cerebral stroke. In this study, the effect of Sunghyangchungisan (SHCS) as a cytoproctant against ROS-induced cell injury was studied by investigating its effect on $H_{2}O_2-induced$ cell injury in cultured endothelial cells derived from the human umbilical vein. SHCS effectively proteced the cells against $H_{2}O_2-induced$ injury determined by trypan blue exclusion ability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. The effect of SHCS was concentration-dependent and the concentrations to inhibit by 50% the cell death and LDH release were $0.9{\pm}0.1$ and $1.2{\pm}0.1\;mg/ml$, respectively. In addition, SHCS effectively protected the cells against t-butylhydroperoside- and menadione-Induced injury as well. SHCS inhibited lipid peroxidation determined by malondialdehyde production. SHCS exerted as an effective scavenger of ROS produced by exposing the cells to $H_{2}O_2$ The activities of the intracellular ROS scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were not Influenced by SHCS.These results indicate that SHCS might exert as an effective cytoprotectant against ROS-induced cell injury. Further intensive studies would provide us insights into mechanisms of the pharmacological actions of SHCS.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.510-516
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• 2016

Isoegomaketone (IK) was isolated from Perilla frutescens, which has been widely used as a food in Asian cuisine, and evaluated for its biological activity. We have already confirmed that IK induced the HO-1 expression via Nrf2 activation in RAW264.7 cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of IK on the mechanism of HO-1 expression. IK upregulated HO-1 mRNA and protein expression in a dose dependent manner. The level of HO-1 mRNA peaked at 4 h after $15{\mu}M$ IK treatment. To investigate the mechanisms of HO-1 expression modulation by IK, we used pharmacological inhibitors for the protein kinase C (PKC) family, PI3K, and p38 MAPK. IK-induced HO-1 mRNA expression was only suppressed by SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK. ROS scavengers (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, NAC, and glutathione, GSH) also blocked the IK-induced ROS production and HO-1 expression. Furthermore, both NAC and SB203580 suppressed the IK-induced Nrf2 activation. In addition, ROS scavengers suppressed other oxidative enzymes such as catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and NADH quinone oxidoreductase (NQO-1) in IK-treated RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, it can be concluded that IK induced the HO-1 expression through the ROS/p38 MAPK/Nrf2 pathway in RAW264.7 cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.79-91
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• 2021

γ-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (Gcs1) and glutathione reductase (Glr1) activity maintains minimal levels of cellular methylglyoxal in Candida albicans. In glutathione-depleted Δgcs1, we previously saw that NAD(H)-linked methylglyoxal oxidoreductase (Mgd1) and alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1) are the most active methylglyoxal scavengers. With methylglyoxal accumulation, disruptants lacking MGD1 or ADH1 exhibit a poor redox state. However, there is little convincing evidence for a reciprocal relationship between methylglyoxal scavenger genes-disrupted mutants and changes in glutathione-(in)dependent redox regulation. Herein, we attempt to demonstrate a functional role for methylglyoxal scavengers, modeled on a triple disruptant (Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1), to link between antioxidative enzyme activities and their metabolites in glutathione-depleted conditions. Despite seeing elevated methylglyoxal in all of the disruptants, the result saw a decrease in pyruvate content in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 which was not observed in double gene-disrupted strains such as Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1. Interestingly, Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 exhibited a significantly decrease in H2O2 and superoxide which was also unobserved in Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1. The activities of the antioxidative enzymes erythroascorbate peroxidase and cytochrome c peroxidase were noticeably higher in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1 than in the other disruptants. Meanwhile, Glr1 activity severely diminished in Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1. Monitoring complementary gene transcripts between double gene-disrupted Δmgd1/Δgcs1 and Δadh1/Δgcs1 supported the concept of an unbalanced redox state independent of the Glr1 activity for Δmgd1/Δadh1/Δgcs1. Our data demonstrate the reciprocal use of Eapx1 and Ccp1 in the absence of both methylglyoxal scavengers; that being pivotal for viability in non-filamentous budding yeast.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1323-1334
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• 2010

The effect of nitric oxide (NO) on antioxidant system and protective mechanism against oxidative stress under UV-B radiation was investigated in leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings during 3 days growth period. UV-B irradiation caused a decrease of leaf biomass including leaf length, width and weight during growth. Application of NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), significantly alleviated UV-B stress induced growth suppression. NO donor permitted the survival of more green leaf tissue preventing chlorophyll content reduction and of higher quantum yield for photosystem II than in non-treated controls under UV-B stress, suggesting that NO has protective effect on chloroplast membrane in maize leaves. Flavonoids and anthocyanin, UV-B absorbing compounds, were significantly accumulated in the maize leaves upon UV-B exposure. Moreover, the increase of these compounds was intensified in the NO treated seedlings. UV-B treatment resulted in lipid peroxidation and induced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) in maize leaves, while NO donor prevented UV-B induced increase in the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and $H_2O_2$. These results demonstrate that NO serves as antioxidant agent able to scavenge $H_2O_2$ to protect plant cells from oxidative damage. The activities of two antioxidant enzymes that scavenge reactive oxygen species, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in maize leaves in the presence of NO donor under UV-B stress were higher than those under UV-B stress alone. Application of 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3- oxide (PTIO), a specific NO scavenger, to the maize leaves arrested NO donor mediated protective effect on leaf growth, photosynthetic pigment and free radical scavenging activity. However, PTIO had little effect on maize leaves under UV-B stress compared with that of UV-B stress alone. $N^{\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine (LNNA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), significantly increased $H_2O_2$ and MDA accumulation and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities in maize leaves under UV-B stress. This demonstrates that NOS inhibitor LNNA has opposite effects on oxidative resistance. From these results it is suggested that NO might act as a signal in activating active oxygen scavenging system that protects plants from oxidative stress induced by UV-B radiation and thus confer UV-B tolerance.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.200-206
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• 2008

We investigated the effect of rice embryo and embryo jelly with black rice bran pigment on lipid metabolism and antioxidant activity. Thirty 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed high cholesterol diets supplemented with 15% rice embryo and 25% embryo jelly added black rice bran pigment, respectively, for 6 weeks. Plasma and hepatic lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and the activity of antioxidant scavenger enzymes in liver were examined. Supplementation with rice embryo and embryo jelly had no effect on food intakes in high cholesterol-fed rats. The plasma triglyceride concentration was not significantly different among the groups. Supplementation with rice embryo and embryo jelly resulted in lower plasma and hepatic total cholesterol (TC) concentration and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)/TC ratio and atherogenic index compared to the control group, while the plasma HDL-C concentration tended to elevated. Rice embryo and embryo jelly tended to lower plasma and hepatic levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances than the control group. Moreover, hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, were significantly higher in the rice embryo and embryo jelly groups. In conclusion, rice embryo and embryo jelly was very effective in improving the lipid metabolism and reducing oxidative stress by up-regulating the hepatic antioxidant enzymes in high cholesterol-fed rats.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.138-145
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of fermented sesame sauce (FSeS) against hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced oxidative damage in renal proximal tubule LLC-PK1 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical ($^{\bullet}OH$), and $H_2O_2$ scavenging assay was used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of FSeS. To investigate the cytoprotective effect of FSeS against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells, the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and endogenous antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) were measured. RESULTS: The ability of FSeS to scavenge DPPH, $^{\bullet}OH$ and $H_2O_2$ was greater than that of FSS and AHSS. FSeS also significantly inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced ($500{\mu}M$) oxidative damage in the LLC-PK1 cells compared to FSS and AHSS (P < 0.05). Following treatment with $100{\mu}g/mL$ of FSeS and FSS to prevent $H_2O_2$-induced oxidation, cell viability increased from 56.7% (control) to 83.7% and 75.6%, respectively. However, AHSS was not able to reduce $H_2O_2$-induced cell damage (viability of the AHSS-treated cells was 54.6%). FSeS more effectively suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced ROS generation and lipid peroxidation compared to FSS and AHSS (P < 0.05). Compared to the other sauces, FSeS also significantly increased cellular CAT, SOD, and GSH-px activities and mRNA expression (P < 0.05). CONCULUSIONS: These results from the present study suggest that FSeS is an effective radical scavenger and protects against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage in LLC-PK1 cells by reducing ROS levels, inhibiting lipid peroxidation, and stimulating antioxidant enzyme activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.323-328
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• 2008

In this study we evaluated the method to develop red ginseng oil containing high content of phytochemicals by enzymes treatment. To select the optimum extraction process of red ginseng with oils, the antioxidant activities of red ginseng using various enzymes were measured. Red ginseng after 0.5% cellulase treatment for 1 hr at $50^{\circ}C$ had higher antioxidant activity than the other conditions. We found that red ginseng/soybean oil extracted for 15 days at $40^{\circ}C$ after 0.5% cellulase treatment increased DPPH radical scavenger activity and decreased the TBA and POV values. However, red ginseng/olive oil had little functional activities compare to the red ginseng/soybean 0il. We also analyzed vitamin A and E by HPLC and found that vitamin E was increased by 0.5% cellulase treatment in the oil. This is the first report that red ginseng oil extracted by enzyme treatment has various beneficial effects.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.608-613
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the biochemical pollutant marker for diagnosis of marine pollutions by changes in oxygen radicals and their scavenger enzymes of the flounder (Pleuronichthys cornutus) in the Yellow Sea of Korea Protein contents in brain and muscle of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were remarkably lower $(15\~45\%,\;and\;35\~45\%,\;respectively)$ than those of wild flounder in Pohang (control) of the East Sea. Lipid peroxide (LPO) levels in serum of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were Significantly higher $(30\~70\%)$ than those of wild flounder in Pohang. Hydroxyl radical formations in serum of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were significantly high $(15\~90\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in serum of wild flounders in the yellow Sea were significantly lower $(20\~40\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang, and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activities in brain of wild flounders in the Yellow Sea were also significanlty lower $(10\~60\%)$ than those of wild flounders in Pohang. These results suggest that significantly decreases of protein contents in brain and muscle, remarkable in creases of malondialdehyde (LPD) in serum and decreases of SOD and GSHPx activities in serum and brain of wild flounders of the Yellow Sea may be used as a biochemical pollutant markers for diagnosis of marine pollutions.